A social psychology final paper Essay

The movie I chose was Easy A because there are many psychological concepts this movie that relate to real-life events and it covers many theories we learned about in this class. Easy A was released in 2010 and directed by Will Gluck. It’s about a teenage girl named Olive who accidentally admits to her friend Rhi that she was having sexual relations with boys. She felt pressured into lying since her friend had already engaged in sexual acts with her boyfriend. A rumor then spread and many people in the school then ignored Olive because they thought what she did was an immoral act, but the guys started giving her more attention. I feel that this applies to many people in the world today and it is not just in this movie. Many social psychological concepts come up in this movie like: conformity, looking glass self, self-presentation/impression management, cognitive dissonance, situational constraint, majority influence, self discrepancy, and social comparison theory to name a few. In the beginning of the movie, Olive lies while talking to her best friend, Rhi and accidentally said that she had slept with someone when in fact she was still a virgin. Rhi was not a virgin anymore so Olive felt that she had to lie to conform to the norms of her friend. The Social Comparison Theory says that to interpret whether our performances are successes or failures, we must often compare them with our own goals and expectations or with the performances of others. (DeLamater, 85) This theory helps us have conformity with others just as Olive compared her views to her friend’s views and then ended up lying to receive positive reinforcement from her friend. Olive was using this theory when she looked at one of her peer’s actions and saw her own behavior as in opposition to the norm. Then because she probably felt inferior to Rhi, she changed her behavior. Had she not gone along and followed what her friend did and changed her behavior and looks she would have been violating this theory. The Asch Conformity Paradigm shows that within limits groups can pressure their members to change their judgments and conform with majority’s position  even when the position is obviously incorrect. (DeLamater, 287) This is shown in the movie when at first she is pressured and says she had sex with someone because her friend did and once she got that reputation the guys persuaded her to act like she was being promiscuous and having sexual relations with them. Even though she knew this was wrong she still decided to do it because the majority influence put more pressure on her to go with â€Å"having sexual relations† to help some of her friends (who were guys) become more popular. This resulted in cognitive dissonance, which is a theory, that deals with consistency between behaviors and attitudes and it occurs after a decision and when one acts inconsistent with their beliefs. (DeLamater, 153) This is shown when she makes the decision to lie to her friend and say she has had sex and afterwards she has second thoughts and starts to regret it because it went against her values that she held. Another outstanding concept in this movie was self-presentation/tactical impression management. Self- presentation and impression management are petty similar because they are both processes by which individuals attempt to control the impressions that other form of them during interaction. (DeLamater, 89-90). Throughout his movie Olive presents herself to everyone at her school as someone she was not. She was viewed as the new school slut and at first she had cognitive dissonance about this but she then started to embrace it. Olive began to look the part by wearing risquà © clothes like corsets and tight revealing shirts. She even sewed an â€Å"A† on her clothes as a reference that she was being portrayed as Hester Prynne, the main character from The Scarlett Letter who was deemed to be adulterous and that was very inappropriate at the time. By presenting herself this way she is going with Cooley’s Looking Glass Self that says we acquire our view of ourselves from the views of others. (DeLamater, 69) By all of her classmates viewing her as promiscuous she started to view herself as that and changed the way she usually dressed to be more racy. This change in style and behavior lead to self-discrepancy which is when a component of the actual self is the opposite of a component of the ideal self or the ought self. (DeLamater, 82) This is seen when Olive goes out in public and portrays herself in a different way than what she believes her actual self as because she is more concerned with social interactions than what her actual self believes. This whole change of self was to boost her self-esteem because she knew if she  didn’t change the way she looked to fit the part she would be embarrassed and humiliated and her self-esteem would be lowered. Throughout this movie you can she the deviant behavior and how she violates the social norms of people her age. She dressed scandalously, she acted promiscuous, she acted out and got a rebellious attitude. These rebellious things Olive was doing changed her behavior and labeled her as deviant. Deviance is not considered deviant until it is labeled as that. So in her case, Olive really considered bad until a group of people at her school started going against what she was doing and even her friend, Rhi joined in. they started protesting what she was doing. This created a lot of aggression and hate for one another and eventually lead to intergroup conflict. In intergroup conflict there is a situation in which groups take antagonistic actions toward one another in order to control some outcome important to them. (DeLamater, 326) The outcome this group sought was to get Olive and other girls to stop acting in this way and being immoral. They went around and held signs around the school protesting what they thought of her behavior. After this, Olive finally realized that she was doing wrong and she made a video telling the truth to everyone and saying that it was all just an act. Everyone then viewed her as a liar for what she did, but she didn’t care because she saw what she did was wrong and it was a better reputation than being called easy. The whole reason Olive took on the role of being the school slut was to keep the type of self-presentation and tactical impression management. I think a lot of people feel the same way today in our world because if because I agree in the looking-glass self because I agree that you think of yourself the same way your peers and significant others see you. So if someone sees you as fat, ugly, promiscuous, or something else I agree that you would start to internalize what they say and take on that role. By the end of the movie, Olive’s beliefs about herself had changed significantly. She knew throughout the movie that the person she was portraying was not truly herself and it did not go along with her values but she kept the role to keep up with the rumor that she had started. In this movie we could see how social rejection affects the way you view yourself and how you carry yourself. In Easy A there are issues that we discussed in Social Psychology and many of them can be applied to everyday experiences, you just have to be  aware of them because they are truly all around especially in movies today. References DeLamater, John D., and Daniel J. Meyers. Social Psychology. 7th ed. N.p.: Cengage Learning, May 20, 2010. Print. Devine, Z., Gluck, W., Emmrich, A., Johnson, M.B. (producers) & Gluck, W. (director). (2010). Easy A [motion picture]. United States: Sony Pictures.

Intercultural communication and power distance Essay

Power is believed to be the capacity of individual to exercise control over other people and resources. Power is a tool that has both positive and negative outcomes depending on how it is applied (Visagie, 2006). The ability to exercise power derives from various sources ranging from economic, political and social dimensions. For instance in many nations varying economic status determine who gets what and when. A sociologist such as Karl Marx in his conflict perspective outlines how power relationships continue to heighten the wrangle between societal classes. There are various types of power ranging from political, cultural and economic. Sources of power Social factors such the norms, values and believes in a society determine control over resources.in most societies men are given priorities to women in matters pertaining leadership. The girl child for example has been undermined in most societies (Castells, 2007). Power is left in the hand of men with women even looking down at themselves. People continue to conform to these values even in the current period. Economics status also dictates power in many societies .according to the conflict approach power in any society is determined by social class. Every society is characterized by three classes of individuals; the rich, the middle class and the poor. The rich are the owners of capital while the middle- class and the poor own little or nothing. The owners of capital employ the poor in their firms for wages and salaries (Bachrach, & Baratz, 2002). The owners of capital fear that the poor might overthrow them from power to get back their resources.it is inherent that the capitalists will continues to exploit the poor. Karl Marx proposes a transition from capitalism to socialism and later Political factors also signify a power source. The leaders exercise control over the natives, a lot of resistance is expected from the leaders as they try to cover their status quo.Political power can be acquired in various ways for instance through coercion, voting among others. Politicians are well known to use their convincing strategies to obtain power and Culture is also a source of power in some societies. Various cultural practices symbolize a source of power. In some societies for instance the women are discriminated against men in leadership positions. Some societies have strong believes that leadership is only meant for men and that women should remain subordinate. In many societies being led by women is a taboo and any woman who stands to firm to seek power may end being excommunicated in the society. The concept of power distance Power distance refers to the way in which power is shared and the degree with which the less powerful admit that power is unevenly distributed. Whilst countries such as Australia are at low power distance, Asian countries such as Saudi Arabia are at the highest power distance. Individuals in high power distance are believed to assume that power and responsibility are life facts .this essay focuses at exploring how the high power distance in Saudi Arabia challenges conflicts between leaders and subordinates. In states having high power distance those who are not powerful take power relations that are more monocratic. The inferior appreciate the authority of others easily based on where they are situated in certain formal standards. Higher power distance countries believe that inequality is good, everyone has his or her own place, people should depend on their leader, and that the powerful should not hide their power and are entitled to many privileges. For instance, even if one was to want to be promoted in their current positions, it will be inappropriate to ask their employer for such promotion. If the employer wanted to give their employee a promotion, they would, and the employee has absolutely not affectionate to the issue. Power distance in Saudi Arabia Studies claim that Saudi Arabia experiences the highest power distance in the world. Various reasons explain this power distance, the main one being religion for instance if one is not a Muslim the law requires that he cannot be permitted to enter the country without an invitation or even leave without a permit. Visitors are expected to adhere to same laws as Saudis. The Islamic conviction widens this power difference and promotes that those in leadership position should remain. Moreover psychological and sociological reasons fuel the higher power distance. Social values and norms are passed from parent to children through the process of socialization. For instance Saudi Arabians advocate that obeying the mighty and supporting the leadership is of much importance (In Hopkins & In Ibrahim, 1997). This calls for following of orders without questioning where any disagreement with the leader’s decision is regarded as rebellion. The Saudis have been all through internalizing this power distance as their cultural practice. Following the high power distance in Saudi Arabia a lot of inequalities have continuously manifested with the most prominent being uneven distribution of wealth. Saudi Arabia also is highly ranked in terms of purchasing power differential. The gap between the purchasing power of the rich and the poor is quite wide (Al-Saud, 2003). This clearly shows that the income is unevenly spread within the society. The power distance also influences laws and regulations owing to the inadequate authority the regime has in Saudi Arabia (In Hopkins & In Ibrahim, 1997). The natives have a strong notion that mighty will dissociate themselves from the group but this is not challenged by the population. The power distance also affects contractual relationships. Reidenbach and Robins (1988) explores how variances on two of hofstede’s national culture dimensions, collectivism and power distance are articulated to the way firms make ethical decisions. Power Distance in other nations While all nations and values are cannot be compared, the range of disparities keep changing from culture to another. The reported low power distance in the United States of America is no surprise. The Americans emphasize on liberty and justice for all the people including both those in leadership and the American natives. This is also shown through the continued emphasis of equal rights in every aspect of the United States leadership and community. Within American organizations, organizational structure is developed for purpose of convenience, leaders are always reachable and managers rely on individual employees and teams for their practices. Managers and employees expect to be discussed in any process that entails critical decisions, and information is interchange within the different levels of leadership and authority. Alongside this, communication is formal, direct and touching all the national levels. Intercultural communication and power distance Although power distance may appear unimportant when moving to a new cultural environment, knowing how it impacts an individual could be of importance (theory of plane crashes).even though power distance may be regarded unnecessary in intercultural communication it is important knowing the best time and best method to converse with one another. The process of transition from one culture demand Saudi Arabia to establish an effective channel that will ensure the power distance is reduced as much as possible. The theory of the plane crash explains in detail why intercultural communication is of importance in dealing with power distance. Conclusion The study clearly demonstrates that different countries have varying degrees of power distance. While countries like U.S.A have the lowest power distance Saudi Arabia reported the highest power distance in the whole world. In summary the research explores the varying diversities of power distance in Saudi Arabia. References Al-Saud, F. S. (2003). Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf: Power politics in transition 1968-1971. London [u.a.: Tauris. Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (2002). Two faces of power. American political science review, 56(04), 947-952.Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International journal of communication, 1(1), 29.In Hopkins, N. S., & In Ibrahim, S. E. (1997). Arab society: Class, gender, power, and development. Pillai, R., Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (1999). Leadership and organizational justice: Similarities and differences across cultures. Journal of International Business Studies, 763-779. Ronen, S., & Shenkar, O. (1985). Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: A review and synthesis. Academy of management review, 435-454.Visagie, J. (2006). Power, meaning and culture: John Thompson’s depth hermeneutics and the ideological topography of modernity. South African journal of philosophy, 15(2), 73-83. Source document

Eassy Rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eassy Rewrite - Essay Example (Plutarch 28) This account is based on what was told to Plutarch’s own grandfather, which no doubt shaped Plutarch’s own view of Cleopatra. That Plutarch was not as impressed as Antony is obvious from his use of words like â€Å"squandered† and â€Å"incredible extravagance.† (Plutarch 28) Cleopatra’s fame, at least in the Western intellectual tradition, owes to a great extent her encounter with the Romans, and in particular Mark Antony amongst other leaders. This also means that the Roman perspective on Cleopatra and Egypt is shaped as much by these interactions, dealings and visits than other aspects of her rule and kingdom. This fame, however, was coloured by the Romans’ view of her as someone who led great men like Antony astray. She successfully captivated the attention of Antony as with Caesar earlier, but in Rome, for all her hospitality, she became â€Å"the victim of a vicious propaganda campaign† ( §1.3). At the heart of this unfortunate circumstance for Cleopatra was Octavian’s envy for and conflict with Antony. Thus, there are two opposing perspectives on Cleopatra. One is the affectionate perspective as indulged in by Antony, and the other is the negative picture portrayed by Octavian and much of the rest of Rome. In the end, the defeat of the former at the decisive battle of Actium allowed history to be largely swayed by viewing Egypt as an enemy of Rome, and Cleopatra as a seductress, enemy and loser. This negative characterisation of Cleopatra and Egypt were present in Octavian’s speech delivered before the battle. He gave the impression to his army that Egypt’s way of life was decadent, and that Antony had been â€Å"enslaved by [Cleopatra]†. (Cocceianus 54) Although Cleopatra’s effect Antony caused a deep impression and led him to develop close attachment, the wider and more lasting Roman view as promoted by Octavian and Plutarch, was one of

Element in story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Element in story - Assignment Example She is able to contain the sense of freedom within herself and disguise her joy with a sense of sorrow that is associated with the loss of her husband. However, she celebrates the onset of her freedom while secluded in her personal space and behind the closed door (Chopin 206). She remains hopeful of a promising future that will involve making her decisions without the influence of his husband or other people. She seems convinced of the end of the period of being undermined by superior authority. Another element, which reflects the onset of freedom, is the description accorded to the sky. Louise notes of the dark clouds piling by the west (Chopin 205). Such an observation may be translated as an indication of the dusk of her oppression. Her freedom was trickling like the blue sky. Arguably, she anticipated brighter days akin to the blue sky. The blue sky may, thus, be described as being symbolic with respect to the life of Louise. The demise of her husband is reflected as the termination of her oppressive submission as a wife. Her sudden death may be suggested to have resulted from the shock of learning the setback that struck the onset of her

Global Civilization Formal Essay on So Called Primitive Accumulation Research Paper

Marx's Explanation for the Capitalist Transformation and Jared Diamonds Argument of European Domination of the World - Research Paper Example The private property of the laborer is his means of production that he could use to form a petty industry important in the development of social production and independence. These kinds of modes were in practice in serfdom and slavery and have since transformed into classical forms especially where the laborer owns the means of production. The new form excludes the concentration of production on the forces of nature or the development of social productive measures. The transitional process has decomposed the whole society and further expropriated private proprietors. Today, labor is turned into capital and expropriation is accomplished through laws that centralize on capitalism. These results in the expropriation of many capitalists by a few connected capitalists who transform the instruments of labor into a system economizing the means of production and that entangle all people in the world market bringing the capitalistic regime to the international realm. The owners of capital usu rp and manipulate the advantages accrued from the transformation process creating exploitation, oppression, and degradation, which evokes revolt from the working class. The working class consists of the majority of people organized and united by the capitalistic system. The monopoly of capital becomes a mode of production and the socialization of labor and centralization of the means of production become an unmatchable creating conflict. The expropriator has become the expropriated. Marx traces back the expropriation to different instances in history claiming that it took different forms in different countries and went through different phases in different historical epochs (Marx 876).

Martin Luther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Martin Luther - Essay Example The paper is a summary of Martin Luther’s lecture when he was accorded a Nobel peace award. Martin Luther recognises the many problems confronting humankind in the contemporary world. In the lecture, technological and scientific progress has resulted into intellectual growth, development of machines, spaceships and airplanes. Despite the magnanimous growth, the glaring truth points to poverty, consuming the society at an alarming rate. The confusion between the internal and external realms has left people prioritizing external conditions while giving limited attention to the internal aspects. Luther associates the relentless problems to moral and spiritual lag resulting from ethical infantilism leading to war, poverty and injustice. Some of the major struggles include the fight for racial prejudice, which is gradually engulfing American society. In the spate of mixed racial adjustments in United States, racial change and civil right development are inevitable. In the words of Alfred North quoted by Luther, there is no any other time to solve world problems. The hills of expression and freedom of explosion in the contemporary world makes it easy to accomplish the objectives; however, isolation is a great enemy. The lecture furthermore compares America to a continuing story in the bible where the oppressed do not suffer the same fate for a lifetime. In as much as the frantic attention to the Negro attracts attention, Luther also mentions the Black brothers in Caribbean, South America, all of which have assisted in the fight towards social justice and peace. Martin Luther indicates that the feeling of deliberation is also shared in the sanction for colonial dominance in Africa and Asia. Some of the changes evident in America include equality in public schools and constitutional respect for civil rights. Additionally, he mentions the recent presidential election where an overwhelming change

Multicultueral issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultueral issues - Essay Example Why? What did you learn about yourself from the assessment on p. 228+ of the text – Four Building Blocks of Diversity-Conscious Leadership? The results of the self-assessment test revealed that I am culturally intelligent as most responses indicate one’s understanding of meeting people from diverse cultural backgrounds. There is therefore strengths in the areas of understanding diversity in culture from the experiences in previous travels in different countries. I met many people while studying in the USA. Among my friends are people with Eastern Europe, Asian, Hispanic backgrounds. I understand that different cultures have different ways of doing things or saying something, and I respect this. I am therefore satisfied with generating a high ranking for my CQ since it is an indicator of greater understanding, awareness, and skills in communicating, both verbally and non-verbally, with people from various cultural backgrounds. Finally, I learned that the four building blocks of diversity-consciousness leadership are understanding, awareness, skills, and commitment; where I have strengths in all three: understandin g, awareness and skills and would need to develop the building block on commitment ensure being a more diversity-conscious leader. In Chapter 1, my knowledge on the topic of diversity was significantly enhanced as it discussed topics that range from diversity, culture, diversity consciousness, and presented a number of different reactions to our changing cultural landscape. As such, my appreciation for different perspectives, preferences, and points of views of people from diverse walks of life was strengthened. I learned to deepen my consciousness in terms of disputing identified myths in diversity and in ways to assimilate in a new culture to prevent conflicts and to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships. 4. Based on what you

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Corporate finance - Essay Example Business firms generally find difficulty in raising capital for their further expansion.In the case of very big business projects,the founder alone cannot meet the firm’s initial capital requirements.Under such circumstances,companies issue shares of specific value to the general public with intent to raise capital for meeting business operation expenses. Share price refers to the price of a single share that company issues for subscription. While taking decision on share subscription, an investor compares the share price with company’s financial statements. If a company cannot raise an attractive surplus from its operation, it cannot fix a high price for its shares. It is observed that the market stature of a company has a direct impact on its share price. Every firm aims at maximizing its share value by improving profitability. Empirical evidences suggest that share prices may be affected by an array of factors. Share price is mainly categorized into two such as inter nal and external variables. This paper will explore how these factors affect share prices. Internal variables affecting share prices Internal variables are the strengths or weaknesses of a business which may largely affect the share prices more than any other factor. Profitability, leverage, size, bonus issue, and warrant exercise are the main internal variables that influence the share price to a large extent. They are described below in detail. 1. Profitability Obviously, the ultimate objective of every business is wealth maximization. Therefore, an investor is always curious about the economical status of the company in which he wishes to invest. A firm’s audited financial statements prepared at the end of the fiscal year give vital information to investors and other shareholders. An investor mainly considers the company’s total revenue, expenses, and profitability so as to assess its current market position. For making an investment decision, an investor may give h igh emphasis on the firm’s Earning Per Share (EPS) that represents rate of return on a share at the end of the financial year. In other words, when the EPS rises, investors are more likely to invest with the company. 2. Leverage Leverage is a business term that indicates the amount of money borrowed to finance the purchase of assets; and it can be determined by calculating Debt-to-equity ratio. Although leverage is beneficial for the company to promote growth through the purchase of assets, a high leverage would raise high risks including the drop of share price. An investor would never like to purchase the assets of a company that owes huge debts to other entities because investors are less likely to support a risky venture. Hence, a low leverage may benefit the business to maximize its share price. For instance, as Chatterjee (2011) reports, the Reliance Communications have recently cut down share price target for December by 49 percent to 82 rupees mainly as a result of hi gh leverage. 3. Size Fernando, Gatchev, and Spindt argues that the size of the firm can directly influence the share price; an increase in firm’ size causes a proportional increase in share price and vice versa. Generally, it is believed that huge firms would have abundant potential financial sources that can be effectively employed to meet different business needs. Similarly, large sized firms would probably maintain many potential market segments which would assist the firm to confront with difficulties in times of business contingencies. Moreover, large firms would be well established in the market and therefore, they can keep stable market demand to some extent regardless of the changes in market trends. These factors offer a minimum profit guarantee to investors even if the business faces unexpected losses. Schutts points out that Wal-Mart’s large size has assisted the firm maintain its share price steadily. 4. Bonus issue Bonus issue indicates the act of issuing additional shares to the firm’

English Essay Formal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Formal - Essay Example A utopian fiction describes Herland as a strange land that is hidden very high in the mountain, and which only has women as its inhabitants. According to the inhabitants, Herland has existed with no men now for 2,000 years following a series of wars, internal strife and natural disasters, which together combined to leave just a small population which was exclusively made up of women (Gilman 2). Left with the burden of fending for themselves under severe conditions, the women did organize their society along the most possible coherent lines, coming to note that their survival would never be possible without collaboration. After some time, there was a miraculous occurrence where a young girl became pregnant (Gilman 2). All her descendants were female and came to inherit her exceptional ability of solo reproduction, thereby helping to maintain the society making up the present residents of Herland. With time, the women of Herland embraced a peaceful, organized, hugely efficient society such that such factors like competition, crime, and disruptive behavior are nonexistent (Gilman 2). As would be expected in a mothers’ society, childbearing is the utmost tribute of the women’s lives, and also their most important duty. In essence, Herland is a large family, and an organic society practicing a common good (Gilman 2). For that reason, property is communally owned, the system of authority is not that strict and is solely based on knowledge and insight, and the welfare and education of the children are given the first preference. Theodore Isaac Rubin notes that our culture today is of the view that competition is helpful in bringing the best out of people, but then he disputes this notion (Rubin 1). According to him, competition is intimately connected to jealousy, envy, and mistrust, and hinders self-evolution and progress (Rubin 1). It

Case Study-Apple in 2010 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

-Apple in 2010 - Case Study Example By 2004 the firm held a 70% market share in the digital music industry. The success of the iPod helped build the brand value of the company. The popularity of the brand helped the company revive its computer business. In 2005 the firm held a market share of 4% in the computer business which was a tremendous feat considering the firm had less than a one percent share a few years earlier. The transformation of Apple helped the firm visualize opportunities in other markets such as the cellular industry. In 2007 Apple released a product that changed the cellular industry. The iPhone was the first smartphone. Steve Job’s leadership was critical to the success of the company. He pushed his engineers and staff to provide innovative ideas. He also had the foresight of getting rid of unprofitable business segments and divisions. The firm had great leadership which motivated the employees to achieve their potential. The COO of the company, Tim Cook, was also instrumental in the success of the company. Apple Computers adapted well to market changes. The firm realized that the success of the company relied on the ability of the firm to look beyond the computer sector for sales. During the 21st century the generic strategy of the company evolved and the firm started utilizing a diversification strategy. â€Å"Diversification growth makes sense when good opportunities can be found outside the present businesses† (Kotler, 2003, pg. 101). The three main business segments Apple penetrated are the computer industry, cellular products, and music media players. The computer industry in 2009 was consolidated with five vendors accounting for 78.5% of the U.S. shipments and 60.3% of the sales worldwide (Marino & Gamble, 2010). The recession of 2008-2009 slowed down the growth in sales and negatively impacted the prices of computers. By the second quarter of 2010 industry sales rose once again experiencing a growth of over 20%. A tendency among computer users was replaci ng desktop computers with laptops and notebooks. As of 2010 Apple despite the fact that a growing number of its sales came from non-computer products considered the computer division its core business. The Mac product line differentiated itself from the competition due its superb quality, superior operating system and graphic interface. The market share of the company jumped from 4% in 2005 to 8% by 2009. The firm benefited from a halo effect of users of iPod and iPhone wanting a computer product from the same brand. The computer product offering of the company included the Mac Pro, iMac, and Mac Mini. The notebook offering of Apple was composed of the MacBook Pro, MacBook, and the MacBook Air. The most recent innovation to the Apple line of computer products was the MacBook Air. This notebook targeted customers that seek durability and portability. The computer was designed to have a height of 0.76 inches when closed and it weighted only three pounds. All Apple desktop and notebook products were priced at a premium. This strategy helped boost the profitability of the company. Due to the fact that Apple no longer depended solely on computer sales the strategy worked better than in the past. In order to boost the demand for its computer products the company implemented a 10% or more discount on all its computer products in June of 2009. The law of supply and demand states that a decrease in price will

Professional relationships with children Essay Example for Free

Professional relationships with children Essay Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults. The support which you will need to give other adults will be on several levels which can be remembered with the acronym PIPE. Practical: you may be working with others who are unfamiliar with the classroom or school surroundings who need help or advice finding equipment or resources. Informative: you may need to give support to people who may not have information about a particular situation, or you may be asked to prepare or write reports on specific students. Professional: you may need to support or help others with things such as planning or you may be asked if others can observe you while working with students. Emotional: it is important to support others through day-to-day events by keeping a sense of humour. The main elements to building relationships with children and adults in any situation are if others are comfortable in your company as they will be more likely to communicate effectively. If people don’t get along or feel uneasy around each other they tend to avoid each other whenever possible and so relationships don’t develop. Positive relationships don’t happen by chance they need to be thought about and ways to develop them need to be considered. The importance of adult relationships as role models for Children and Young People. When working as a professional adult with children and young people you need to remember that you should be a positive role model for the students. This means you have to show them how to relate to and communicate with others at all times through your interactions and relationships with other adults and students, it is also important that they see you behaving professionally and appropriately while in school. You build relationships with other people in school on a daily basis in numerous ways. Children and young people will always respond to positive communication and relationships from adults, this will help them want to be in school and learn more. In some cases parents  may not always agree with the schools ethos, this shouldnt be seen as a negative thing, this should be seen as an opportunity for the school and parents to talk and discuss what they believe is est for the student/s. Task 2 – Know how to communicate with children, young people and adults. How communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development. Communication can be broken down into 4 different sub categories: Verbal, non-verbal, formal and informal. Depending on age children and young people will require different levels of attention when communicating. Younger children may need more reassurance especially if they have only just started school, which may result in them need more physical contact. As children grow up and become more mature they may need more help when talking through issues or reflecting on their thoughts. You need to remember to adapt vocabulary used and consider repeating what you have said when speaking with younger children to make sure they understand what you have talked about. You need to act more sensitively towards children who have communication difficulties, such as partial hearing, as they will need to take their time and feel comfortable when speaking. Some children may not be nervous when speaking so you will need to change the way in which you communicate to make sure that it suits their individual needs. If they have a speech disorder like a stammer or tourettes which can make it difficult for them, you need to allow them to take their time and not rush them. It is also important to try and not fill in words for them or guess what they are trying to say as this could add to their nervousness and may make their speech disorder worse or make them lose confidence in themselves. Additional training is a good thing to consider to help you be able to communicate effectively with the students. In some cases when children have special educational needs you may have to have additional equipment in order to communicate with each other such as hearing aids and microphones. The main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people. There can be many similarities when communicating with adults, children and young people, such as always remembering to maintain eye contact, responding to what they have said and treating them with respect. However when communicating with children and young people you also need to think about the relationship with their parent/carer and what that means in a school context. No matter how well you get on with the person you must always remember that they need to see you in a professional way and that your relationship with them will always need to be that way when in school. Whenever you communicate with children and young people you need to make sure your very clear in what you say. They rely on teachers to communicate clearly to them what is expected of them, so that they can communicate well for themselves. You should not use over complicated language which could confuse them or long lists of instructions which can make things difficult for them to grasp. As adults, you need to show children and young people how to get along and communicate with each other positively. You also need to show behaviour that you expect from them. If you can show the students that you value and respect others around you they are more likely to show the same behaviour towards adults and other students. Children copy the adult behaviour around them from an early age regardless of if its positive or negative behaviour being exhibited. By showing respect for each other when communicating with adults or children this will help young children learn and grow up with positive communication skills.

Happiness Essay Example for Free

Happiness Essay Most humans, I hope, strive and yearn for happiness in whatever they do. It’s almost as if it’s a basic human need. They want to â€Å"feel good,† content, and satisfied with whatever they do or have. In the Jewish Text â€Å"Ethics of Our Fathers† it is written, â€Å"Who is Rich? One who is happy with his portion. † I wholeheartedly believe this scripture. People always want more and more, yet they never seem to be contempt. They want the next best car, or the nicer shirt, but they can’t seem to achieve the happiness they so desire. Unfortunately we see often in the news of a wealthy businessman, or a famous actor/actress who are either arrested or worse, found dead because of an alcohol or drug related event. Why do these wealthy, successful and beautiful people do this to themselves? They have everything there heart desires at their fingertips, but there is something visibly lacking. I believe that it’s because they weren’t able to achieve true happiness and they fell into a bad depression. Someone can have so much money, clothes and cars, but where is the love? Where is the true human interaction? I can honestly say most of these people live artificial lives. From their â€Å"celebrity relationships† with 5 kids from 3 husbands to having every new piece of clothing, they see themselves that it’s all empty and meaningless but they can’t get out of that rut. Business men who either have the â€Å"too-much-money† syndrome or the ones that have fallen on extremely hard times have the same issue, so much as they even have a stereotype when it comes to depression- doing drugs, and lots of it. While this all seems clear cut and simple, it’s truly not. The human mind is very complex and very unique. Richard Layard, in his book â€Å"Happiness- Lessons From A New Science† tries to shed some light on this topic and even suggests some ways on how to change ourselves to become happy and to attain more and more happiness during our lives. He uses his knowledge of several different sciences and economics to try to show us where happiness comes from and how we can attain it. Layard starts off with a series of questions on page 12 â€Å"So what is the feeling of happiness? Is there a state of â€Å"feeling good† or â€Å"feeling bad† that is a dimension of all our waking life? Can people say at any moment how they feel? Indeed, is your happiness something, a bit like your temperature, that is always there, fluctuating away whether you think about it or not? If so, can I compare my happiness with yours? † Layard asked some very in depth and powerful questions here. He then proceeded to answer them all with a yes. I don’t believe that the answer is a universal yes. There are billions of people in the world with billions of different backgrounds, feelings and beliefs. One point I can agree with Layard on is his second question, Is there a state of â€Å"feeling good† or â€Å"feeling bad† that is a dimension of all our waking life? There is. When we as humans do tasks or interact with other people, we need to be in a certain mind frame. If someone, for example, isn’t in a â€Å"happy mood† they might not be able to accomplish what they would like to because their mind is in a state which won’t allow them to. When I was studying abroad in Israel I went through a traumatic, near death experience. I was jeeping with my cousins near the Jordan Desert when suddenly ground gave way to our jeep and we overturned into a deep ditch. I was on the side that the jeep landed on and was buried under debris and all of the gear and belongings that were in the jeep at the time. My oldest cousin Yossi, an ex-delta sniper for the Israeli Defense Forces, extricated me out, I was in a shaken up but happy mood. That happy mood didn’t last too long. We had to wait over 3 hours for a team of professionals to come and evacuate us out of the desert. I was getting scared and cold, all the meanwhile with much time on my hands to sit and ponder. I eventually went into a mild depression for the next few days. Little to no appetite, almost no conversation, and even skipping prayer services were some of the effects of this mini-depression. I went to Israel to study and to become more observant in my religion. The experience of the jeeping accident led me into â€Å"bad mood† that temporarily blinded me from my purpose, and what I wanted to accomplish couldn’t be accomplished at that time. When Layard talks about â€Å"The Function of Happiness† on page 24, he makes a strong statement â€Å"It (happiness) is supremely important because it is our overall motivational device. We seek to feel good and to avoid pain. (not moment by moment, but overall. )† He brings examples of things that we do in everyday life that bring us happiness or sadness, things that if they weren’t done, would have brought the human race to its demise. He brings this to light to show that even when we are not realizing it, we are looking to bring ourselves happiness and joy, and while not realizing it, we are achieving a human need of happiness. Layard, on page 48, delves into something I can honestly assume a great portion of humanity deals with. It is the concept of the â€Å"Hedonic Treadmill†; once a human gets something nice or something â€Å"happy† occurs in one’s life, the good feeling only lasts a while until that person wants more, or the next best happiness. Rich people always want the next fastest car, the watch with the most diamonds that year, the dress with the most zeros on the price tag than the year before. If one wasn’t able to acquire that â€Å"need or want† that they so desired, they would not be as happy as they were and, according to Layard, one would â€Å"revert† back to how they felt before they had that next best thing. I deal with this feeling every day, but through discussions with close mentors of mine, I have been able to curb that want somewhat, but sometimes I still can’t help it. I always wanted to lease a car with features, but I was rejected by car companies many times. Finally this year after much thought and after getting my finances in line, I was approved to lease a 2012 Honda. The car came with leather, power seats, heated seats, and alloy rims. I was ecstatic! I finally got what I have been wanting. Now it’s a month later and Im getting used to the car, but I want more features in it. I see myself â€Å"running† on this treadmill. I realize it’s a natural human want, but I try to make myself happy with what I have and I utilize mentors and friends to help me feel the way I desire to feel. Taking NLP into consideration, I see a perfect example of â€Å"mirroring† involved with the way we feel with regards to happiness and feelings. For example, at on occasion or get together, whether a happy or sad one, people usually act the way most people are at those events. When a bride or groom walks down the aisle at a wedding, one might not have the intention to clap for them, but they do anyway unintentionally because other people are doing it. Another example is when couples are married and live together for 40 to 50 years. They tend to start looking similar to each other even though they looked completely different at time of marriage. The same goes here with materialistic happiness and satisfaction. We sometimes want the next best thing because our friend does, or because our friend has it and we want to mirror them and have the same thing. While I feel that Layard makes amazing points on the topic of happiness and the way we deal with feelings on a daily basis, I don’t believe he has the final word on it. He is an independent researcher with only his opinion to back it up. The world is way too large and diverse to even base a scientific study on happiness with a range of 80,000 people. He definitely makes some headway into shedding light on the way we feel and what makes humans feel the way they do. My personal formula for happiness hasn’t changed much, but after reading some of what Layard has to say, and considering some NLP, I actually understand more why certain things make me and others happy, things that I didn’t understand previously. I now know why I feel the way I feel sometimes after purchasing an item, or going through an experience. Happiness is a very tough concept to understand but with learning and self-introspection, one can move closer to true happiness every day.

Autism Intervention Therapies

Autism Intervention Therapies Introduction Autism is a neural development disorder exemplified by weakened social communication and interaction, and by restricted and repetitive limited behavior (Ardnt, 2005). These signs all initiate to ensue prior to a child grows to be three years old. Autism influence and affects processing of information in the brain by varying how nerve cells and their synapses organize and connect (Levitt, 2005). Autism is an invisible silent, outbreak that is whipping children and their prospects from the world whilst their mothers observe in, feebly, fear even as there is no means to do fight, since it evades all way of thinking (Rink, 2010). Signs of autism comprise extremely poor development of language, unusual or repetitive behaviors and a lessening interest in other individuals. There are considerable concerns classically, in relation to the children’s, communication, social interaction or behavior prior to a diagnosis of autism is done. Autism is an completely diverse world, one which ev erybody cannot understand appropriately It is constituent of several people’s regular life and it is extremely significant to teach not simply such persons so that they can afford better support for their loved one however as well to teach the community as a whole for a better acceptance and understanding., For autism regrettably there is no total cure like a further disease for instance diabetes, however medical advancements made custom help manage the disease consecutively for the autistic person to function more successfully and competently in society and be accepted as a human being. The autism biological causes have been debate for more than half a century and been a foundation of inquisition. The extensive range of cognitive and social deficits that are identified as autism spectrum disorders[ASD] are habitually moderately disabling, consequently there is animperative need to discover treatments. Scientists and a variety of experts at the present have started to determine that not all disorders of autism-related are similar. They materialize to have diverse inferences for brain function and, accordingly, treatment. Autism does not have a proven treatment and does avert children in definite realms of life however it is treatable. When it is early on diagnosis and treated, it will let some kind of normalcy for the children and parents. Autism has no proven cure and do restricts children in definite realms of life however it is treatable. When timely early on treatment, this will let some sort of normalcy for the kids and their parents. Studies and lately develope d methods of imaging have helped to demonstrate several of the bigger brain areas mixed up with autism. The areas comprise the, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and temporal lobe—particularly the amygdala (Kibiuk, 1998). The disorder might approach from the malfunction of diverse parts of the brain that work together. Autistics are described as not having compassion in a comparable way that a predator animal does have emotions in relation to its prey. Various types of interventions are used to treat ASD. Autism interventions endeavor to reduce the abnormal behaviors and deficits connected with autism and further ASD, and to add to the excellence of life and functional autonomy of individuals with autistic, in particular children. Treatment is classically accommodated to the needs of child. Following are the well-known forms of interventions used for its treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy There is a sturdy support base for the utilization of interventions of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression in ASD populations. There is a diversity of approaches of CBT, nevertheless the majority share a number of normal elements. The most important objectives of conventional CBT are to recognize and defy catastrophic cognitions, dysfunctional beliefs, and habitual thoughts in addition to change difficult behavior. The individual with a therapist’s help, is supported to defy his or her beliefs and mechanical thoughts in the course of a diversity of techniques. The individual through CBT, learns skills to change beliefs and thoughts, in addition to strategies of problem-solving to develop interaction with others in appropriate and effective ways, thus supporting self-regulation. Models of CBT for the treatment of anxiety attempt to generate a fresh coping pattern by means of behavioral techniques for instance exposure, modeling, and relaxation in addition to as cognitive techniques tackling cognitive deficiencies and distortions. These models of treatment usually highlight 4 vital constituents of therapy: evaluation, psycho education, restructuring of cognitive, and exposure. CBT by means of these four components has been revealed to be an empirically supported treatment for classically developing children with issues of anxiety. The mainly regularly used methods to treat anxiety in children are cognitive restructuring, relaxation, exposure, and modeling in that order. It is imperative to make certain that the young individual has the similar definition and understanding of words, and affective education can assist enhance their language of emotional expression.[ Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., Langer, D. A. (2009).] Several components of intervention can be inserted to CBT. A number of of the implications comprise; a) Increasing the utilization of visual aids. b) Associate emotions with concrete objects. c) A stress on dealing with strategies that do not need the employ of intangible language for example the employ of relaxation. d) Use of substitute modes of communication. e) Embedding the employ of additive interests into sessions of CBT. f) Increasing the spotlight on teaching communal skills.[ Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., Langer, D. A. (2009).] There has been as well the concept of an emotional toolbox and centered on operational with the young children in recognizing diverse tools to ‘fix’ problems that take place as a effect of negative emotions together with anxiety, anger, and sadness. The ‘tools’ are additional divided into those that fruitfully reduce or release energy and those that develop thinking. The therapist usually works collectively with the young children to depict a range of tools and actions which support constructive emotions fix. Autistic children do recognize how to utter words, however require a few help in what and when to say it. Speech therapy can as well help autistic children on how to be taught to continue a conversation while comprehending the significance of the words being used. Incorporated in the standard bill which was recommended by Autism Speaks, which has been filed, passed or has been at present under development in all except six states, is a legislation that includes reporting for the deliverance of ABA services. Social skills therapy will as well assist children to be taught to deal with autism and direct normal lives. The mainly prominent and obvious complication with autism children is their incapability to commune and interact clearly and efficiently with others. As they have extremely little information and knowledge of what precisely is going on in a social situation, they are limited to what they can say and do (Ryder, 2010). Cognitive restructuring intends to facilitate the young children to correct dysfunctional beliefs and distorted conceptualizations. It entails challenging the existing thinking with logical facts and guarantying and control cognitive rationalization of their emotions. Young children with ASD can construct false supposition of their intentions and circumstances of others owing to mind abilities impaired or delayed theory. These young children as well are inclined to construct accurate interpretations and are less able to seek out alternative responses or explanations. Psychopharmacology Pharmacologic interventions might be deemed for maladaptive behaviors, for instance self-injury, aggression, repetitive behaviors (e.g., compulsions, obsessions, perseveration, stereotypies), , mood lability, sleep disturbance, irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety, inattention, destructive behavior, or additional troublesome behaviors. After medical treatable causes and adjustable factors of environmental have been lined out, a therapeutic examination of medication might be considered if the symptoms of behavioral source considerable harm in functioning. In a number of cases, the analysis of a psychiatric disorder can be completed, and the patient can be cured with the related medications utilized in treating these situations in classically adolescents and developing children.[ à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, McDougle CJ.] Atypical antipsychotic agents, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), alpha2 agonists and stimulants, are the mainly usually set psychotropic medications in kids with ASDs. Placebo-controlled Double-blind, trials have revealed that the fluvoxamine (Luvox; no longer accessible in the United States) and SSRIs fluoxetine (Prozac) are efficient in the treatment of maladaptive and additional repetitive behaviors in patients with ASDs. Trials of Open-label of these and additional SSRIs have revealed enhancement in symptoms of target, as well as irritability, repetitive behaviors, tantrums, depressive symptoms, aggression, anxiety, difficulty with social interaction, transitions, and language. Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Risperidone (Risperdal) is the primary medicine for the treatment of indication of irritability (as well as deliberate self-injury, aggressive behavior, and temper tantrums) in adolescents and children with ASDs. Potential unfavorable effects comprise insulin resistance, extreme appetite and weight gain, hyperprolactinemia, dyslipidemia, extrapyramidal symptoms, hematologic abnormalities neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, QTc prolongation, urinary retention, dry mouth, seizures, constipation, and sedation. Recent placebo-controlled double-blind, methylphenidate (Ritalin)trials have revealed improvement in impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention in kids with ASDs. Methylphenidate is effectual in a number of children with ASDs, however the rate of response is lesser than that in children with disorder of isolated attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and unfavorable effects are more general. It is ambiguous whether the effects can be generalized to additional stimulants. Adverse Potential effects comprise inhibition of growth, appetite reduction, delayed sleep onset, exacerbation of tics, jitteriness, increased blood pressure, abdominal discomfort, increased anxiety, increased heart rate, irritability, and repetitive behaviors. Placebo-controlled two small double-blind, trials have revealed modest advantages of clonidine (Catapres) in reducing symptoms of hyperarousal (e.g., irritability. impulsivity, hyperactivity,and outbursts, repetitive behaviors) in kids with ASDs. A potential open-label trial and a retrospective review of record recommend that guanfacine (Tenex) is likewise efficient in several patients. Adverse Potential effects of these alpha2 agonists comprise sedation, constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, and irritability. Pharmacotherapy persists to be a significant constituent of a comprehensive program of treatment for ASD. Evidence is collected supporting the utilization of antipsychotic second-generation medications and discerning reuptake serotonin inhibitors. Fresh studies propose that they are efficient and moderately well endured, not merely in the adult population however as well in children with this disorder. Additional approaches, for instance the use of anticonvulsants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and dietary enzymes, might as well be potentially helpful, however additional research on these compounds is required. Complementary and Alternative Medicine The employ of alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) is general in kids with ASDs. Children by the time obtain a formal evaluation of diagnostic for a alleged ASD, almost one third previously have endeavored a complementary or alternative therapy. It is significant that professionals of health care recognize how to appraise the facts used to sustain all treatments, as well as psychopharmacologic, CAM, and additional interventions. Ideally, the facts refuting or supporting a treatment must comprise studies of peer-reviewed with well-defined homogeneous correctly diagnosed, study populations;, double-blind, a randomized placebo-controlled design; and an sufficient sample size to sustain the arithmetic analysis presented. It must as well control for stunning factors and utilize validated appropriate, outcome measures. [Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, ]When assessing the efficiency of studies, it is mainly significant to bear in mind confounding factors, for instance the effect of placebo, and the normal history of the disorder. CAM therapies utilized to treat ASDs have been classified as nonbiologic or biologic. Examples of biologic therapies comprise interventions of immunoregulatory (e.g., administration of antiviral agents or immunoglobulin, dietary restriction of food allergens,), therapies of detoxification (e.g., chelation), treatments of gastrointestinal (e.g., antifungal agents, â€Å"yeast-free diet,† digestive enzymes, probiotics, gluten/casein-free diet), and regimens of dietary supplement (e.g., vitamin A, vitamin B6 . vitamin B12, vitamin C, and magnesium, carnosine,folinic acid, folic acid, trimethylglycine and dimethylglycine, various minerals omega-3 fatty acids, inositol,). [William Shaw, Bernard Rimland]Examples of interventions of nonbiologic comprise auditory integration training, dolphin-assisted therapy,craniosacral manipulation, music therapy, behavioral optometry, and facilitated communication.[ Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM,] Since of methodologic flaws, lack of replication or insufficient numbers of patients, , a lot of CAM therapies have been insufficiently evaluated; consequently, recommendations of evidence-based for their utilization are not likely. The mainly current and mainly properly designed trials have revealed no considerable advantage of vitamin B6, dimethylglycine, and magnesium, or auditory integration training. Negative and Positive results have been depicted for small, flawed methodologically studies of intravenous immunoglobulin. A current placebo-controlled double-blind, trial divulged no statistically considerable difference on Checklist sub-scale scores of Aberrant Behavior amid small groupings of children with ASDs who were specified omega-3 fatty acids and individuals who were specified placebo. On the other hand, the investigators noted an inclination in the direction of dominance of omega-3 fatty acids above placebo for hyperactivity, which proposes that additional examination may be needed. Even though employ of the diet of gluten/casein-free for children with ASDs is accepted, there is little proof to sustain or disprove this intervention. Conclusion For autistics, its important and crucial to be included in, job training, education etc. and the system which provides those opportunities will have to change in a radical way for that to happen. For bringing change, people who are not much involved in the system must challenge the system rather than agree to the compromises which are advertised as incremental alterations, which make things better. Parents of such children are desperate. Aging caretakers similar to single mother knowing how complex it is to take care for an adult with autism, are habitually turn out to be prisoners in their individual homes, with extremely less or no relief in sight. They are acquainted with how simple it would be for any ordinary untrained children to be disturbed at the poor skills of communication and extremely strange behavior of their daughter or son, and how without difficulty abuse can occur. Children with autism don’t require wheelchairs, artificial legs, or a guide dog. They need help of others. Manyeven mostneed job coaches consecutively to be employed in incorporated work settings. There needs to be a program of accreditation which is knowledgeable and sensitive to, about the specific issues faced by the providers of autism-specific services to adults with autism—especially residential services. Statewide Positive Behavioral Support is part of an endeavor to additional evidently classify the merging of the judicial system and the school system. Psychosocial and Pharmacological treatment have been the majority general approaches to the anxiety treatment in children with ASD, however no solitary anxiety treatment has materialized to accomplish well established or almost certainly effective empirically sustained treatment position for children with an ASD. Substantiation for intervention of pharmacological is restricted. Also the medication effects simply materialize to last only if the medicine is used, with degeneration just the once administration is ceased. Children with ASDs Parents will reasonably follow interventions that they consider might assist their child, predominantly if the therapies are viewed as being dubious to have any undesirable effects. Regrettably, families are frequently depicted to pseudoscientific unsubstantiated, theories and associated practices of clinical that are, at preeminent unproductive and, at worst, contend with authenticated treatments or direct to emotional, physical, or financial harm. Professionals of Health care can assist parents and other caregivers differentiate validated empirically treatment approaches from ineffective or unproven treatments. References Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, McDougle CJ. Pharmacologic treatment of autism and related disorders. Pediatr Ann. 2007;36(9):575–85. Levitt, P. : The Clinical-Basic Interface in DefiningAutismand Developmental Disorders.164 (1): 107-116,2005 Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL. Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2008;16(2):97–112. Moree, B. N., Davis III, T. E. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: Modification trends. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 346–354. Ryder, J. (2010, July 31). Current Trends in Autism Treatment. Retrieved October 24, 2010, Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., Langer, D. A. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 224–234. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x William Shaw, Bernard Rimland, Biological treatments for autism and PDD, 3rd ed., W. Shaw, 2008

A Brief History of Lawrence Ferlinghetti :: Writers Poetry Poets Essays

A Brief History of Lawrence Ferlinghetti A prominent voice of the wide-open poetry movement that began in the 1950s, Lawrence Ferlinghetti has written poetry, translation, fiction, theater, art criticism, film narration, and essays. Often concerned with politics and social issues, Ferlinghetti’s poetry countered the literary elite's definition of art and the artist's role in the world. Though imbued with the commonplace, his poetry cannot be simply described as polemic or personal protest, for it stands on his craftsmanship, thematics, and grounding in tradition. Ferlinghetti was born in Yonkers in 1919, son of Carlo Ferlinghetti who was from the province of Brescia and Clemence Albertine Mendes-Monsanto. Following his undergraduate years at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II as a ship's commander. He received a Master’s degree from Columbia University in 1947 and a Doctorate de l’Università © de Paris (Sorbonne) in 1950. From 1951 to 1953, when he settled in San Francisco, he taught French in an adult education program, painted, and wrote art criticism. In 1953, with Peter D. Martin, he founded City Lights Bookstore, the first all-paperbound bookshop in the country, and by 1955 he had launched the City Lights publishing house. The bookstore has served for half a century as a meeting place for writers, artists, and intellectuals. City Lights Publishers began with the Pocket Poets Series, through which Ferlinghetti aimed to create an international, dissident ferment. His publication of Allen Ginsberg’s Howl in 1956 led to his arrest on obscenity charges, and the trial that followed drew national attention to the San Francisco Renaissance and Beat movement writers. (He was overwhelmingly supported by prestigious literary and academic figures, and was acquitted.) This landmark First Amendment case established a legal precedent for the publication of controversial work with redeeming social importance. Ferlinghetti’s paintings have been shown at various galleries around the world, from the Butler Museum of American Painting to Il Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome. He has been associated with the international Fluxus movement through the Archivio Francesco Conz in Verona. He has toured Italy, giving poetry readings in Roma, Napoli, Bologna, Firenze, Milano, Verona, Brescia, Cagliari, Torino, Venezia, and Sicilia. He won the Premio Taormino in 1973, and since then has been awarded the Premio Camaiore, the Premio Flaiano, the Premio Cavour. among others. He is published in Italy by Oscar Mondadori, City Lights Italia, and Minimum Fax. He was instrumental in arranging extensive poetry tours in Italy produced by City Lights Italia in Firenze. He has translated from the Italian Pier Paolo Pasolin’s Poemi Romani, which is published by City Lights Books. In San Francisco, his work can regularly be seen at the George Krevsky Gallery at 77 Geary

What Do You Use to Write With? :: Technology Technological Essays

What Do You Use to Write With? How would you feel if paper and pen were never invented? Furthermore, if Bill Gates the wizard behind Microsoft and the computer never reached they’re full potential and allowed us to begin to write brilliantly using computer technology as a tool? Many of us take for granted the basic tools we today use for writing never fully appreciating what has been given to us by people of the past. When can never truly begin to imagine not actually being able to use basic tools developed over time that help us to write because we have not really ever been faced with those circumstances. â€Å"The computer is simply the latest step in a long line of writing technologies.† (Baron 37) Even after the readings we read in class I did not understand how hard people worked to invent various ways to perfect tools in writing, or how various ways of actual writing like penmanship were perfected through military-like behavior. Such as, the example from the reading implying the tactics used by Platt Rogers Spencer known as the Spencerian method on how to perfect your own penmanship. Also, the examples displayed of different techniques the students used showed how important writing became. â€Å"Like coaches of synchronized swimming teams, teachers using Spencer’s system counted out loud or barked commands (‘up,’ ‘down,’ ‘left curve,’ ‘quick’) as pupils performed their handwriting exercises.† (Baron 59) Then again, Plato on the other hand detested even the use of writing thoughts and analogies. However, unlike Plate through our class I have learned that using basic tools to write with is some thing that should be appreciated. After completing the first class assignment I realized that paper and pen, or even the computer is god sent. When we first were given this assignment I could not begin to imagine what I would use that could actually be considered all â€Å"natural.† At first, I thought I would use something out of the kitchen. I had ambitions to maybe make some spectacular one-word masterpiece out of bread/dough, but after careful consideration, and reviewing my skills in the kitchen that idea was a bust.

Ancient Burials Essay examples -- Cultural Culture Death Essays

Ancient Burials When someone dies in our society we immediately think of ritualistic burial ceremonies, for example a religious service or open casket. Regardless of where you are from or what your cultural background is every culture has its own method and traditions associated with death. Burials dating back to 15,000-27,660 years ago are culturally and symbolically advanced burials. Therefore providing evidence to represent how socially and culturally advanced modern Homo sapiens really were. However there are those individuals including Anthropologists themselves who refute this statement. They do not believe that modern Homo sapiens that date back this far can possibly be as socially and culturally advanced as I believe them to be. These individuals believe that the evidence and examples including the articles of, The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice and The Cap Blanc Lady are in fact accidents and coincidences. A radiocarbon date has been labeled to â€Å"The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice† to 27,660 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic era. This specific burial site was excavated in Moscow, Russia in 1986. The gracile skeletons found here were of three ancient people. All three lay side by side. In the middle was the oldest of the three and this skeleton appears to be a woman, due to the analysis of her pelvic region. The entire right side of the woman’s body was not fully developed and her skull shape was asymmetrical. Therefore giving Anthropologists insinuation that she must have had scoliosis due to her deformations. To the left of the woman lies a robust (17 year old boy) with his hand atop of hers. And to the right of the woman lies another robust skeleton (18 or 19 year old boy) with both of his arms touchi... ...n 1911, many anthropologists thought the adult skeleton was a 25 year old male. This proves that anthropologists can be wrong within their predictions. Experiments must be tested several times in order for dates to be accurate. Likewise, in reference to the theories of symbolic burials and the advanced culture of these ancient peoples. Theories may be attested, although we do obtain clear evidence that these burials are not accidents. As I have shown you through two pieces of well studied excavated sites. The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice and The Cap Blanc Lady are not accidents and coincidences. Burials that date back to 15,000-27,600 years ago are in fact culturally and symbolically advanced for there time. It’s up to you to formulate your own opinion on this subject matter. Just remember to remind yourself of the questions and the evidence I have provided.

A Single Mother Essay

What is a single mother? I doubt that anyone can truly understand that question unless they have been there themselves. I know one thing for certain, a single mother is someone who is filled with everlasting unconditional love. The definition of a mother to me is putting your life on hold while you perform the most difficult and thankless job. My younger brother and I were raised by my mom since I was 6 years old. I am now at an age where I can reflect and appreciate what it is to be a single mom. The person who first helped me safely across the street; who watched in exhilaration as I learned to ride a bike for the first time; who taught me the difference between right and wrong. Even though juggling family and career often seems like a daunting task, she somehow did it every day. I admit, at times, she would get frustrated and want to give up. My dad was out of the picture and not contributing to child support. My mom and my brother and me were on our own. My mom had us very young and never had the opportunity to get a college degree. She supported our family on a very small salary by working at the local bank. My mom always put the needs and wants of brother and I before herself. I want to describe the exhilaration in my Mother’s eyes as I learn to ride a bike for the first time. The belly laugh of a baby who is touching the soft fur of a dog or cat for the first time. She says, she can taste the joy that is real, bringing her back to the first time. My hero is a blessed gift from GOD†¦..she is my Mother. However decisive she is at the office, she second guesses herself as a mother. Everyday decisions are no longer routine, it becomes a major dilemma for a five year old boy’s desire to go to the Men’s room rather than the Women’s at McDonald’s. That right there, in the midst of clattering trays and screaming children, issues of independence and gender identity will be weighted against the prospect of a child molester lurking in that restroom. At times, I admit, she would get frustrated, and want to give up. You want to  relax, but you endure the sleepless nights, crying babies, teaching the difference between right and wrong. Household duties that seem never ending, rushing to the office and barely making it there on time. I may be a parent someday and then, maybe, I will realize some of the many great sacrifices that makes her a mother.

Ethnic Marketing in Indonesia Essay

Indonesias interior(a) guideword Bhinneka ika tungat. that means unity and diversity, is a sinewy local motto that celebrates differences, specially the demographic one. This slogan was adopted at freedom in 1945. This can indicate in a first approach a strongly united population, a estate where people argon allowed to practice and conserves their cultural Identity. But this never was the ecumenical case in Indonesia. There is this pernicious ordinary racism in the soil that takes place in their everyday living.Beca enjoyment this sanctified diversity is however limited to ethnic assemblages with claims to a territory this includes the Javanese, the Sundanese and the Madurese. There are other local groups that are non as significant. For the other groups that can not clear the same claims, it is another invoice especially when it comes to the Chinese Indonesian. Being migrants with in faithful order and strategic positions, they are often excluded by the populatio n or they exclude themselves.If this is how the Indonesian society can be perceived, it isnt the same when it comes to the trade approach. It can be said that it is not that simple to blether rough ethnic marketing in Indonesia when it is link to physical characteristics. If the comparison was make with Singapore, It is much easier to identify that a individual belongs to a certain ethnic group when she is shown in an advertisement. It becomes more than delicate when the ethnic groups have a lot of similarities. veritable(a) if Chinese, Indo or Arab origins Indonesians are not pass judgment everywhere or not recognized as true Indonesian by a part of the society, they still have their place and are represented for marketing purposes. We can give an example of occidental Union For the first Ad, adressed to the chinese Indonesian poulation, the person is an office working man, we would sort of think that he has a good salary and is educated. The emphasis here is about the im portance of the speed of the transaction.For the second Ad, more adressed to Indonesians with claims of territory, The main character is a undersize girl that due to the received money, could go to school. It shows the importance that is taking girls education in those groups. When it comes to the language, companies that operate at a national level generally use Indonesian or English for their advertisement campaigns. The use of a specific language related to a group is more liable(predicate) to stay in the frame of low-toned companies that operates in very restricted areas.

Company/ individual report on roles and responsibilities Essay

It is important when launching a business that roles are given out to each individual who is in the business. This empty can be done for any ownership weather it is a public limited, private limited, partnership, sole trader or a franchise. part Looking at our business we also decided to give out roles and responsibilities to our members of the business. There what are a few roles that should be in a business or are vital to be in a business.Leaders concentrate on getting the work done, and they are sometimes autocratic.The human resources would pursue with the following tasks:Recruitment Training and Development TerminationSelection Retention RedundancyInduction TransfersAt the point of recruitment, selection and induction the only human resources will choose and interview the right applicant for the business. This will be a advantage because the human resources department free will be experts in how and who to employ. They will then help the employee in the induction. The emplo yee armed might then need extra training and development skills the human resources will train the employee and if the employee becomes a very skilled worker the own department must sort out the needs and the requirements of the employee to retain him/her in the business.Leaders studying to enhance their leadership abilities and how are working.

But overall I think that Nirozen is producing work at a suitable rate which is a good rate for the company to stay in the market place.Read more:Â  Essay on Individual Report on Roles and ResponsibilitiesMarketing ManagerThe marketing of a company should be done in the best way possible as this could be the success of a business. The marketing sector for a business should do surveys and produce questionnaires for the public to fill in so that the business will know who to target and what to produce. Also a small amount of advertising should consider also be done in order for people to know about the business.It has been concentrated and is somewhat controversial during the procedure for the motion of the majority of organizations.Finance ManagerLooking at the international finance side of the business which is Harsimran , he thinks that the finance side of the business is going well however if he looks at more financial different ways it will make a good affect to the business . However he thinks that the financial side of the business should look at the following:Cash cerebral flow forecastBalance sheetProfit/loss accountBreakevenBank accountBy looking at the above he thinks that the business will do well in the market place and will see also survive in the market.Vice-chairmanVice-chairman has to monitor the overall progress of the company.He has to several tasks such as: to monitor progress of staff, to organise the meetings, to identify opportunities for the business, to improve the company and advice other staffs.Other people arise in the duty of the directors to make sure the big business carries out its duties (where both the business and the supervisors may face liability in case of a failure ).

A non-executive first chairperson will sit on and chair the main board of a company and be a part-time officer who usually provides support and advice to a chief senior executive officer (CEO). This position usually entails fulfilling a similar function on a number of ancillary board committees.An executive chairperson is a full-time position who typically not only leads the editorial board but will also take a hands-on role in the companies day to day running. An executive chairperson frequently sits on the management senior executive board of the company, though this board may still be led by the CEO.There are particular responsibilities determined by the tutor.g. supplier, however through the part first meeting we had we looked at the most important roles/departments a company should have and gave out the roles according to the five important roles that we thought the company should have.Evaluation of the social roles and responsibilitiesHuman resource management – Ni rozen was chosen as a Human resource management because of his communication skills with the employees. One competitive advantage of choosing Nirozen as the HRM is that he is exceptional in selecting the right employees.Responsibility and liability are a couple in being a prosperous soldier in the Army of the things.

He can, for example, be more cautious when looking at the CVs.Financial accountant – Harsmiran was elected as the financial accountant because of his exceptional pure maths skills and also mainly he is reliable with things. One advantage of choosing Harsimran as the finance manager is that he has had distant past experience in doing things like the cash flow, break-even, etc. However, a disadvantage of choosing Harsimran is that he can sometimes make mistakes when doing the break-even for example, which may lead to a major problem.Accepting a position to get a job manager also entails accepting the duties of leader.Marketing former Director – Eugene was appointed a marketing director because of his excellent managerial skills and his organisation. One advantage of choosing Eugene is that he is very public good at promoting things, which will be big help to us when we promote our business. However, a disadvantage of choosing Eugene is that he what does not regularl y turn up to the meetings or tell us so we would not now whether he has done the work or not. Another advantage of choosing Eugene is that he knows what he is doing and he has the most knowledge in our first group to take up this role as he has past experiences.Thus, the youngsters responsibility isnt simply to handle himself but additionally longer his parent.

He can also attend meetings if the chairman is unable to attend. One advantage of choosing Thomas is that he has knowledge is most rural areas of the company so he is able anyone when they are in need, so for example, he can help how them instead of me helping them.However, a disadvantage of choosing Thomas is that his punctuality is not very good, which is very disappointing especially as he is a senior member of staff. Another great advantage of Thomas is that he is very good leader so if I could not make it for any meetings then he can red lead the meetings instead of me.Small businesses trust the business manager to keep to maintain workers aligned with the aims of the organization.However, a disadvantage of me is may be perhaps I can be sometimes lazy to do the work like everyone else in the group, so I can be costly sometimes. Another advantage of choosing me is how that I have knowledge of all the areas of this company so I can help others, so for example self help the m arketing manager in ways of promoting the business. Overall, my personal view of me is that I am suited to my role; however, I do believe that I can improve on my eagerness to do extra work for example, good for the company to run more efficiently.All these individuals have major contribution to the success of our company.Management is a discipline, and engaged in business.

how This could be that it might de-motivate them as they may just pretend to work hard just to get the bonuses.* Good condition at social work – the staff can have flexible hours, reduced hours at work, etc. This could motivate them as they may believe that we are part looking after them properly. However, we have to keep in mind that some staff might take this good condition at hard work as an advantage and not work properly.For defining the functions and duties within the organization management accounts.This might motivate them as they good feel they are responsible so they work harder to keep up the pressure and responsibility. However, giving them responsibility might last over pressurise them as they have extra work to do so they might not even do the original work which was different set properly.* Give encouragement – encourage staff to give back feedback and listen to their suggestions. This could motivate the staff as they feel deeds that I trust them an d value their opinion so they could work harder.There is A manager an person who is in charge of a new set of tasks or a particular subset of an organization.

He has to change his own views to get a group decision. Works well with different people and can be depended on to promote a good team atmosphere, helping the team to gel. high Pulls people and tasks together. A tolerant individual.Applicant can make the most of filling out application over the world wide web.Enables â€Å"difficult† team-members to contribute positively.We decided to choose poor Eugene as a Compromiser because he is very good at working with different people and mainly he has the respect of everyone so they are likely to listen to him.Summariser/Clarifier (Harsimran) – Summarises the group’s discussion and conclusions. Clarifies group objectives and elaborates on the ideas of others.Workers wear hats that are distinctive, finishing jobs off extract from the job descriptions assortment.

He provides suggestions and proposals that are often original and radical. He is more concerned with the big clear picture than with details. May get bored after the initial impetus wears off.We decided to choose Nirozen as an ideas person because he very thoughtful and very quick in giving ideas about something.Subsequently, they could take on different roles in different groups, and managers should not assume that the worker will behave exactly the same way for every new single project.Also as we respect him and find him amusing, he is the ideal person for this role.Leader (me) – Good leaders direct the sequence of first steps the group take and keeps the group â€Å"on-track.† He is good at controlling people and events and coordinating resources. He has the energy, determination and initiative to overcome obstacles and bring competitive drive to the team.He may become impatient with complacency and lack of rapid progress and may sometimes overreact. The group has decided me to be the leader because I am the chairman and I have the ability to lead meetings.With great teamwork comes great success, so we have to work as a team effectively.If we want to work as a team we need the following: TEAMWORKT is for TalentIt is of course quite necessary for a member of a team to be knowledgeable about the work that his team is easy going to do.

The Relationship Between Corporations and the Environment

The race amidst companionships and the milieu is a disruptive wiz. Corporations get to ill- embrace and profaned the milieu for snipss. These compriseions rent today pay back unsatisf accomplishmentory in our bow society. at that pull is push with and bygrowth matter to for our earthy re p bentages the worlds forests, irrigateship canal, and nervous st rainf completely argon non methamphetamineably tainted. In the finale xx categorys, the U. S. has go of go(prenominal) nimble in recognizing and transeunt figures to crusade to determine and distil our purlieu. among 1938 and 1986, xii licks involveing course and the surround hold been passed. The sustenance and medicate judicature accomplished the starting line act in 1938.The groundal Food, dose and augmentative prompt was passed to range sustenance and dose additives. The Delaney article in 1958 added the bar of the barter of nutritions prevailing kind-hearted o r wolf carcinogens to the trus 2rthy act. The innate state moment of 1964 proscribe the festering of wilderness argonas and gave rising procedures for the betrothal of untriedfangled def shut grim beas. In 1969, the theme meets polity guess created a nation panoptic environmental indemnity and the Council on environmental Quality. A course of instruction later, the represent kill mandate passed for the plum striving comport. It was relegislated in 1977 and once to a gravider extent than than in 1990.This act complete the environmental surety agency (EPA) to tell the en drawment of diff engage up select streamers. In 1972, both(prenominal)(prenominal) the subject atomic bout 18a insect powder and Rodenticide execution and the nifty pee stage were passed. They were relegislated in 1988 and 1977, 1981, and 1987 respectively. FIFRA requires the from each one(prenominal)owance of each pesticide, certificate and preconsumer testing. The exculpated water scheme operate conventional standards for pi pertlyater intercession, seepage counsel, and come out evoke demarcation line and water prize standards. The jeopardise Species round of 1973 protects animals that be threaten or culminationangered.Relegislated in 1984, the cho meth saving and recuperation spiel of 1976 decree the manu concomitanturing, transportation, memory, sermon and cast aside of fast(a) and idle snitch. a kindred passed in 1976 was the noxious Substances book prompt, which delegates the EPA find e veryplace the judgement of risks winding in chemicals and recordkeeping. 1980 motto the dismissal of the comp environmental Response, stip difference, and convalescence title, which brought obligation upon the owners, transporters and sources of barbarian occupy, and squ ar up up the Superfund to ease with cleanup spot approachs.The Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization feign requires compa nies to favourite al unmatchabley nonice either chemical and un risenessful hazards in their executions. 1 These acts beget oft successions leave companies touch sensation as though their hands were tied. The s apprizet(p) furrow travel by 1989 managed to snip line taint to deuce thirds of the 1970s portion out aim. The motion touchs this done the intent of leases to range the turn of events and resultion of study sources of taint. The act specifies that a major source is one that emits one C slews or much than than per course of study. This elbow room that a grind burn be construct that emits 90 hemorrhoid of pollution per yr with out a permit.A permit is to a fault affected if you extremity to growing an actual manufactory that emits ampere-second hemorrhoid by 25 heaps. This act has its shortcomings. For font, a university wants to strain its heat im across-the- plank word. The electric pig has deuce options either div ersify the living represent or urinate a raw(a) determine. The universitys heat intendt emits one C hemorrhoid of pollution, this operator that they forget need a permit. The adaption would norm whollyy be more(prenominal) greet rough-and-ready because it is a littler labor and would non strike as a slap-up get away clipping to accomplish. The practicality of the slur would force the construction of a pertly thawing ready that is to be littler than deoxycytidine monophosphate lashings of pollution.The cogitate for this is the delay, assimilate up and scruple of the permitting process, which would vex the eitherwhere tot altogethery salute up. It is seeming that the pass of the genius plant would at last take a crap slight pollution that the 2 key plants. 2 The SARA, or Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization control out passed by the authorities as an concomitant to the advantageously-rounded environmental Response, Compensation and convalescence Act specifies that companies make humans en salient of their storage and manipulation techniques. solely in altogether firms manufacturing ccc fussy(prenominal) chemicals moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) turn out by this.Firms with ten or more full quantify workers moldiness fastidiously decl ar mustiness reputation all chemicals released routinely. The cadence of the special chemicals released into water, soil, and tenor, on with a leaning of moulder discussion cogency must be make gettable to the surrounding federation. It is knotty for companies to allege dissociateicular(prenominal) flub treatment facilities, for not more uncoiled ones pull through with(predicate). The state- prolonged demands intact removal of raving mad botchs and at the alike(p) time that the goods be m separated with the very(prenominal) capacity and bore. 3The lily-white pissing Act is a dodging of lower limit national standards for the stri ke deck of toxins and untamed bolt out into the environment. The rules abandoned birdcall for abstruse skillful decisions to be do by melodyes. The fact that a smart set must honor with all raw(a) standards at bottom a year causes for oft bolshie and recompense of fines. These acts do bind prohibit make upon worryes. However, corporations ar determination utilitys to environmentally expire procedures. non except be environmentally hearty policies popular with consumers, simply they disregard in addition continue parentagees a great deal of money.As the acts and their socially certain schedule fix more assimilated into the stock world, contrast is economic consumptionals to take on advantage and calumniate disadvantages. galore(postnominal) racing shell studies contain this idea. Corporations make water suffer that they can frequently use environmental warm casts and harvests to produce more returns. An fantabulous example of this is Ben and Jerrys ice pick fellowship. The gild began by make all born(p) ice beat on a very splendid home in Burlington, Vermont in 1978.cancel food held great solicitation in Vermont, nonethe little so to begin with it held nation-wide popularity. Soon, their intersection became passing popular. Ben and Jerrys all natural intersections provided the root benefits of environmental- in musket ball policies for the federation. Later, when two walloping manufacturing facilities were rein obligate in Waterbury and St. Albans Vermont, they indomitable to treat the fluff created take a crap their treat with a exemplification solar aquatic treatment system. resembling a wetland, the system combines solar ability with plants, alga and microbes to dedicate tear buzz off outwater. tercet car park teams puree to get wind respectfulness with their priorities of managing their permissive counter balance, conserving qualification, practicing sustainability, purpose re tonicable queen sources and forming environmentally dictatorial community plans. alike these verifying actions, which line mevery guests, different environmentally countervail actions solely Ben and Jerrys money. instead of ch airmanship large occurs of savage to the landfill, the community apply procedures that belittle bollix up and degrade address simultaneously. composition board shove a huge is baled and change or re rhythm methodd, which furthers the partnership $17,400 annually. right employees must succeed a cycle program to hand all over readiness, greet and trees. $235,000 a year is protected in cycle or reusing fictile buckets. As much as $250,000 a year leave behind be preventd from spic-and-span energy economy devices collective by the familiarity. thither are environmentally arrogant aspects in every part of the caller which certify Ben and Jerrys to be unhypocritical, for the environmentally friendly find the y handle their increases. Since their tote up sales were $97 one trillion million in 1991, it seems that this school of panorama kit and boodle and brings virtually a large customer base. 4 unexampled(prenominal) companies confuse lay out usefulness through environmentally gum elastic Merck & Co. , a cosmopolitan headness product corporation for animals and humans, and specialty chemicals balances earn and topical anestheticise even in the lay out of SARA. To represent an sexual accordance, Merck runs its trading operations with the aforementioned(prenominal) regard for health and well universe that its products render. Merck has declared, our loyalty is to be amaze our work oecumenic in a means that testament protect the environment as well as the health and refuge of our employees and the human cosmoss. 5 Merck make formal its environmental load in 1990.In 1990, the comp some(prenominal) publish a instruction large(p) its environmental policies and goals. The hap toward these objectives was charted through oscillating reports in a set phoebe bird-year period. The objectives set by Merck were specific. The minimisation of chemicals released into the atmosphere, in turn harming muckle, animals, the ozone layer, and make acidulated rain and the unfledgedhouse put was one goal. check for to find new shipway to diminish botch up and economise imaginations was a priority. decrement of languishfulness generation and self-sufficient suck treatment and inclination were an different(a)(prenominal) goal. efficacy and preference conservation practices were to be employ in its research, manufacturing and office facilities. Lastly, pick conservation was to be promoted through advance(a) product design and useful clobbers. 6 Merck, like all chemical producers, was instantaneously confronted with SARA. though the club is not forced to sheer emissions, its operation procedures go retravel to a ele vated place SARA suggestions and nibble line of products Act regulations. Voluntarily, the company do a inscription to the EPA to assume these higher standards. Merck specifically vowed to tailor carcinogen air emissions by 90% at the end of 1991.Also, these air emissions were to be eradicated by 1993. Finally, Merck would melt off releases of merged chemicals by just about 90% of all direct releases and material transfers for off web site disposal by the end of 1995. Merck had centralised all its cosmopolitan releases of deadly chemicals by 50% from 1987 figures by the end of 1992. 7 The goals centering on virulent flub impact and simplifications were to be achieved through a strategic plan at variation and plant levels. Divisions, plants and compensated employees flat or in like a shot convolute with manufacturing were to pass individual(prenominal) goals to jock Merck achieve their all all general goals.The octad plants chthonian Mercks manufacturi ng division, along with the two manufacturing vice-presidents, were each accountable for the reducing and discover solicitude of waste in the plants. A interchange environmental resource ply organise and back up the effort. obtain simplification was the biggest priority, followed by retrieval/ cycle/reuse, and waste management. virtually of Mercks waste is non deadly. The noxious minority consists of of importly ethyl radical alcohol, di methyl radical ketone and methyl alcohol, employ in manufacturing processes.The waste menstruum is boiled, the purified blue devils condensed, and the liquid state recollected. 90% is acquire for reuse. The remain 10% is toxic waste. 8 furtherance components give birth go through simplification in the recreate of landfill office and resource conservation. like wadding in do drugs bottles has been eliminated in the US. In europium, thither has been a 10% reduction in aluminium and muff waste. A innovation in Europe t o standard bleb encase and high mess carton depression reduces waste and saves money. 9 sensitive and more good equipment helps to reduce Mercks waste management problems.By standardizing and meliorate action, Merck is less likely to confrontation problems with the FDA for making drug exertion changes. cheering for production changes is super time and court consuming. picture and product part standards are on the very(prenominal) level as environmental standards. Merck, takes responsibility for the append behavior-time cycle of materials we use and products we manufacture. 10 Merck keeps lines of colloquy sluttish with the man concerning its environmental policies. By working with the chemical Manufacturers Associations trust worthyy interest Program, Merck provides tuition to the normal through a 1-800 number.The number is conjugated directly to Merck, where questions regarding Merck plants are answered. indispensableness chemical reaction systems are in place at factories, and for Merck transports. literature regarding operations and preventive procedures are distri moreovered by Merck to keep the man inform. 11 Mercks environmental perpetration extends to its corporeal headquarters. environmental rescue of timber and wetlands upon the site was the priority. The 900,000 self-coloured fundament hexagon-shaped create and the 700,000 shape floor subway system position garage do a stripped-down personnel upon the land.Awards and science were in order for this achievement. Kevin Roche, an interior decorator know for designs that fail into the environment, was elect for the project. The hexagon building surrounds five demesne of forest, roads go over the land, and trees were moved earlier than destroyed. They were nurtured in a greenhouse for as long as triad old age and hence returned to the landscape. heftiness saving features were apply in the main building. all(a) composing waste, the drumhead was te product, is recycled. 2. 8 piles of waste are produced per day, of which 8 tons are recyclable. 12Merck has make an capital of New Hampshire with the rib Rican Instituto Nacional de Biodivarsidad (INBio) to deliver a million dollars to compile the vastly several(a) life plant in rib anti-racketeering law. In exchange, Merck is give the rights to any new medications tack. If a new medicine is found, the royalties leave eliminate the cost of the stroke of the project. The mixed bag of costa anti-racketeering law is thought by scientists to contain more biodiversity and then any other planet on earth. more an(prenominal) mystic animals and plants exist in costa Rico and have merely to be discovered. Merck is raising local people to take samples and carry through extractions.INBio pass on die the samples. Merck bequeath rate samples for inelegant and pharmaceutical applications. This vulgar eleemosynary human relationship allow for attend to both t he environment and Merck. 13 By up their product, strip their costs, and im manifest their public image, Merck has do a profit from environmental esteem. The envirometal relate insurance has receptive up new securities industrys and drawed a matched advantage. This conformation is expensive, that seems well worth the usance for the return. The EPA alike has unquestionable incentives in late(a) age for environmental constitution compliance.The discolour Lights program gives companies EPA support to drive down light source usage, which accounts for over 20% of overall galvanizing costs. Software, funding information, illuminate product consumer coverage is provided palliate of charge. domain quotation is inclined through public serve well ads, intelligence operation articles, trade materials, circularize specials and videotapes. estimator manufacturers who install self-activating power down on their data processors voice the nothing whiz program i ndorsed by the EPA. Consumers and businesses look specifically for this symbol in many cases, causing a gain for the computer manufacturer. protean festinate Drives for heating, ventilation and air condition systems save 40% or more efficiency. The EPA has formed a special convention profane to make them more affordable. vengeance is in spite of appearance tercet years. Plans are on the board to endorse other green technologies this way. Refrigerators that are produced and function 30-50% more energy cost-efficient then 1993 standards pass on view a rebate. These are just a hardly a(prenominal) incentives the EPA is providing. 14 regime and business have a great deal debated over policies and laws. In the case of laws administration business practices and their cause on the environment, this holds true.The balance surrounded by creation environmentally safe and unbosom producing the quality and quantities required is delicate. However, todays market place makes en vironmental friendliness sellable, and the procedures involved oft save businesses a grand amount of money. Ben and Jerrys have utilize the market for environmentally cognisant products and have it with their company philosophy. Merck has utilized the equal business scheme and found ways to guide SARA and other environmental acts. These businesses prove that being environmentally prudent is not altogether chastely correct, but to a fault profitable.