Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

Abortion: A Controversial Issue One of the major controversial issues confronting the society today is abortion. I choose abortion as the topic of discussion since it contradicts my values and beliefs. Abortion is the extraction of the human fetus from the mother’s womb with an intention to end the life of that fetus prior to its natural birth. The controversy surrounding abortion is whether it should be legalized or not? In my opinion, abortion is morally and ethically wrong because it leads to violation of human rights. Life is precious and only it’s Creator has the right to take it away. I chose this issue for discussion to bring to light many of the hidden facts and arguments, of which people are unaware and not very sensitive today. Three of the many aspects of abortion can be taken into consideration 1) Motives behind abortion 2) Pro life v/s pro choice. 2) The growth of the â€Å"Dead Baby Industry.† Abortion is an issue lacking of humanity and moral value because of the various motives behind it. Abortion is the most extreme, permanent and devastatingly violent solution, for an unborn child. As said by former Surgeon General and a pediatrician Dr. C. Everett Koop, the most common reason for abortion is convenience. Only three to five percent of all abortions performed are for reasons of rape, incest, the possibility of a deformed child, or severe threat to the life of the mother. As Dr. Koop, has pointed out, the majority of partial birth abortions are not required by medical emergency. According to researchers at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, of those obtaining abortions in 1980, 30 percent were under age 20 and 79 percent were unmarried, which shows that abortions in the United States are most often sought as a "solution" to the problem of pregnancy outside of marriage. The major reason behind most of the abortions is mere inconvenience or unwantedness of the baby seems mean, insensitive and unreasonable. Pro-life vs. pro choice is a leading fundamental concern regarding the abortion controversy. The main argument of the pro-choice view for legalized abortions has to do with a woman's right to privacy and her right to control her body. The pro-choice viewers do not approve of governmental interference in personal matters like abortion. Certainly this right of p... ... in society. The worldly materialization and sophistication has made the abortionists so insensitive towards morality that life has lost its true worth. The main point is not the price that an eye, a brain or heart is sold for, but that a helpless child had to be killed in order to obtain these parts. Thus legalizing abortions would not mean giving the opponents a right to privacy and choice, but would in turn give a boost to their multimillion dollar biotechnology industry (Crutcher,M). I’m the defender of the right to life in America and an issue like abortion should light a fire in the hearts of all who respect this nation’s founding principles. The strength of the pro-life position is not because of some clever definition of life. Rather the facts force us to admit that this is a unique individual human life, whose helplessness in the womb can either motivate us to compassion, nurturing and protection or be used as an excuse and opportunity to exercise our deadly power and earn millions. As a result, legalizing abortion would open doors for plenty different sinful industries. This in turn would not lead to progress.

Historical Paper

Here is a paper on Historical Report on Race Historical Report on Race Nigel Faison ETH/125- Cultural Diversity June 24, 2012 Tiff Archie Axia College of the University Phoenix Historical Report on Race Dear, John Doe I am writing you this letter to let you know some of the struggles of African Americans throughout history. It is my sincere hope, that this helps you to understand the people of my race better; furthermore, I hope that it answers any questions that you may have had. Since we are friends, I just wanted to give you some insight into my culture.My people were brought to this country in 1619, to work for white people, and by 1661, Virginia had enacted the very first slave law. â€Å"By 1776, the year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain, slavery was legal in every state, and African Americans labored as slaves throughout the North as well as the South. † (Social Probelms, Ch. 3, p. 65). From the beginning, my people were being subjected to a life of servitude. During the slave trade African American families were routinely split up for profit.Can you imagine the effect that this had on the people, to have their families torn apart? African Americans had to do whatever they were told to do by their so called â€Å"masters† and if they did not as history tells us, they were whipped, beaten, and even hanged. It was said that â€Å"African Americans were not really people. † (Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). This is how a society that was supposed to be civilized viewed other human beings. Later, after slavery ended, African Americans continued to face prejudice and discrimination in their everyday lives.African Americans were being denied their basic civil rights and institutional discrimination was the norm. African Americans were not allowed to go to school with whites, drink from the same water fountains, stay at the same hotels, eat at the same restaurants, vote, and had to give up their seat to white pe ople on the bus. Proof of this can be seen in a ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States. â€Å"In the 1857 Dred Scott case, the U. S. Supreme Court stated that slaves were not citizens entitled to the rights and protections of U. S. law. † This was backed up by segregation and Jim Crow laws. Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). Some of the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history for African Americans were gaining our freedom, civil rights, and equality for our people. Our people had been through so much and the fight to gain these things would take years, even today, the issue of equality seems to still not be settled as reflected in the wages paid to African Americans. The median pay of White men is $52,273, for woman it is $40,219. The median pay of Black men is $40,219, for woman it is $32,829.In addition, it is said that the level of education has nothing to do with the gap, because even at the â€Å"highest levels† it is still present. (Racial and Ethnic Groups, Ch. 3, p. 67). Why are we paid so much less for performing the same jobs? I think that discrimination has to be playing a role here, would you agree? John, as I mentioned earlier; slavery, segregation, and Jim Crow laws were enacted against African Americans. These laws were established to deny us of our civil rights and allowed for legal discrimination against African Americans.Organizations or groups that fought against these laws were, â€Å"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). † They fought these laws by having protests, demonstrations, political organizing, and voter registration drives in the Civil Rights Movement (1950s and 1960s). The results of these actions were laws such as, the Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965). http://national humanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1917beyond/essays/crm. htm). What these laws achieved, with one addition, is the following: â€Å"Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting segregation in employment and public accommodations), the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banning voting requirements that prevented African Americans from having a political voice), and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (which outlawed discrimination in housing). Together, these laws brought an end to most legal discrimination in public

Teenage Pregnancy And Effect On Teenage Mothers - 2129 Words

There are differing stigmas of teenage pregnancy, which can affect teenage mothers. Teenage mothers face the risk of not being accepted by their peers and community. Acquiring a position in society, that is often the subject of negative criticism and judgment, can profoundly impact teenage mothers (Luttrell, 2014). This research paper will analyze teenage pregnancy stigmas and how they can impact young mothers. This paper will include a literature review, analyzing adolescent sexuality and behavior, teenage pregnancy and motherhood and perceptions of teenage pregnancy. Lastly, recommendations for future practice will be discussed. Background The Australian teenage fertility rates, have been on the decline for many years. In 2014, there was approximately 9,204 teenagers giving birth in Australia (ABS, 2014). In 2006, in South Australia alone, 982 women aged 15 to 19 had abortions (ABS, 2014). These kinds of statistics, mean there is still a large amount of teenage mothers that require support and assistance. This paper will look at making recommendations in practice and service development. The paper includes: examining statistical information and reviewing literature and research. Literature Review Adolescent sexuality and Behavior In industrialized countries, the age of onset of sexual intercourse is said to be declining (Currie, 2012). In Mitchell, Patrick, Heywood, Blackman, and Pitts (2013) Australian survey, 2,000 students were surveyed from year 10, 11 and 12,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy On Teenage Mothers901 Words   |  4 Pageschildren in America are the result of teenage pregnancy. Researchers have looked at the marijuana use in teenage mothers to see if it poses a greater risk for marijuana use in their offspring. Children who are born to teenage mothers that use marijuana have shown to a correlate with sexual behavior at an earlier age and pregnancy. Statistics have shown that young mothers are more likely to use marijuana than older mothers. A pattern of marijuana use by teenage mothers has shown to impact different behaviorsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Causes Serious Physical And Emotional Problems1369 Words   |  6 Pages Teen pregnancy causes serious physical and emotional problems for adolescent mothers, therefore there should be steps taken to prevent such things from happening. I have a close friend who got pregnant at the age of fifteen. It was a mega crisis for her and her baby. It caused a heartbreaking feud between my friend and her parents, as well as her schooling, leading her to drop out of high school. The emotional stress she gained was harming her body. The baby’s father wanted nothing to do with theRead MoreThe Effect Of Teenage Pregnancy On Children1636 Words   |  7 PagesThis study examined the effect of teenage pregnancy on children by exploring the results of an ADHD survey, ASRS-v1.1. The study sampled 100 kindergarten students, 50 had teenage mothers and 50 had mothers who gave birth during adulthood. A quantitative research method was utilized along with the difference-oriented research strategy approach. The independent variable is identified as the age of pregnancy and the two variant levels are: pregnant teens, ages 13-19, and pregnant women in adulthoodRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1620 Words   |  7 PagesServices). Teenage females associated with childbearing expose themselves to many risks and negative effects that can affect their future. Females result with many consequences due to teenage pregnancy. This paper will strictly focus on the effects females experience through teenage pregnancy. The reader will be able to develop an overall understanding of the causes of teen pregnancy. Also, the reader will be able to distinguish the psychosocial effects on the girl during adolescent pregnancy. The readerR ead MoreThe Responses That Briggs Et Al1743 Words   |  7 Pageset al. (2013) showed that 5% of women said that influences from family or friends was a reason to seek an abortion. This included thinking that a baby would have a negative impact on their family or friends, not wanting others to know about the pregnancy and judge them, and/or peer pressure from friends and family. Briggs et al. (2013) also found women reported not wanting to have to put the baby up for adoption and/or not wanting the baby as a reason for seeking abortion, which was 4% of responsesRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative media teenage mothers struggle to find the positive sides to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy can be dificult and life changing, but unlike the renowned negative beliefs all over the world, there are positive sides to teenage pregnancy. Most research that is done on teen pregnancy is based on the hardships and struggles on teen mothers, making it easy to forget the good that can come from teen pregnancy. A teenage mother can create a good life for herself and her children. Teenage mothers are generallyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by half, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth. Evidently, the younger generation represents the larger population of Belize and as suggested by a report, commissioned by the United Nations, Belize encompasses the highest rate of teenage preg nancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. Based on the media perspective, teenage pregnancy is a rising issue in Belize that should be taken more seriously. It’s an epidemic ruining lives and perpetuating poverty. According to Sheila Roseau, Director of UNFPA SROC, the birth-rates inRead MoreThe Socio Economic Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1517 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent mother

Analysis Of The Poem Ankh - 1011 Words

Symbolism 101 Assignment: Ankh Cindy Alexander Do to being born into a strong Roman Catholic family, this symbol automatically reminds me of the some of the priests and on occasion some of the nuns wearing this cross around their neck. I always liked this cross much better than the crucifix. That one always scared me as a small child. I remember thinking that this one looked kind of like a stick figure of a woman. She had to be in a dress because you couldn t see her legs. I still like the look of this symbol today. Even more so now that I know the history behind it. The Ankh like most spiritual symbols, don t have a single simple meaning. But let s start with the fact that the ankh is an Egyptian letter; specifically, it is a†¦show more content†¦At this point, I am rolling my eyes. This, to me, seems like a very Juvenal explanation for such a powerful symbol. Another theory was put forth by Wallis Budge an Egyptologist, who claimed the Ankh originated from the belt buckle of Isis. Or to be more specific the tjet, or the knot of Isis. This was said to be a ceremonial girdle that was thought to represent the female genitalia. Although this is just a theory, it is in keeping with the meaning the Egyptians have held throughout history up till the present day. The Ankh has also been associated with the mirror. This is in no small part to the fact that the Egyptians believe that the afterlife is a mirror image of life on earth. Ankhs were made out of a wide verity of materials like metal, wood, faience, terracotta, and stone. They were believed to have magical powers, which were thought to provide the wearer with supernatural benefits. Of course, the specific power of the ankh was determined by the material it was made from, as well as the color. An ankh was an amulet that was worn by many throughout their life and carried with them to their grave. Even Elvis Presley wore an Ankh amulet. And when he was criticized for doing so, his response was â€Å"I don t want to miss out on Heaven because of a technicality.† As far as how the Ankh is used in modern day pagan practices,

Using Kalman Filter Is Digital Signal Processing Based Filter

2.4 VIDEO DENOISING Nowadays digital cameras which is used to capture images and videos are storing it directly in digital form. But this digital data ie. images or videos are corrupted by various types of noises. It may cause due to some disturbances or may be impulse noise. To suppress noise and improve the image performances we use image processing schemes. In this paper they uses Kalman filter to remove the impulse noise. The Kalman filter is digital signal processing based filter. It estimates three states past, present and future of a system.[10] To remove noise from video sequences they utilize both temporal and spatial information. In the temporal domain, by collecting neighbouring frames based on similarities of all images, to remove noise from a video tracking sequence they given a low-rank matrix recovery phenomena. [11] 3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED 3.1 Wavelength De-noising 3.2 Bilateral De-noising 3.1 WAVELENGTH DENOISING Basically a wavelet is small wave, which has its energy concentrated in time to give a tool for the analysis time varying phenomena. It is easier to remove noise from a contaminated 1D or 2D data using these algorithms to eliminate the small coefficient associated to the noise. In many signals, mostly concentration of energy is in a small number of dimensions and the coefficients of these dimensions are relatively large compared to other dimensions (noise) that has its energy spread over a large number of coefficients. In wavelet thresholdingShow MoreRelatedNeural Recording And Processing Of The Neural Signals1180 Words   |  5 PagesNeural Recording and Processing The most critical element of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) is the recording and processing of the neural signal. We use an invasive neural signal recording to achieve higher performance of the BMI and to obtain better resolution. We will be recording the neural signal on central sulcus located in the cortex region of the brain. This recording is referred to as Electrocorticography (ECoG). We will be using subdural grid electrodes (surface electrodes) with 48 contactRead MoreElectrocardiogram Research Paper973 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper presents a real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for wearable devices. The system is based on the proposed parallel Delta Modulator architecture with local maximum points and local minimum points algorithms to detect QRS and PT waves. Therefore, using the proposed system and algorithm, real-time PR and RT interval measurements can be achieved. The algorithm is tested with the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and achieves above 99%, 91% , 98% accuracy in QRS complex, P wave, andRead MoreTHEORETICAL STUDY AND PROBLEM DEFINITION REPORT Assignment 2 â€Æ' TABLE OF1900 Words   |  8 PagesPositioning system 5 3.1.5 Digital Camera System 5 3.1.6 RF communication system (Wi-Fi radio transceiver module). 5 3.1.7 Remote Control System 5 3.1.8 Gyro, accelerometer and compass system 5 3.1.9 Ultrasonic range sensors 5 3.1.10 Laser range sensor 5 3.1.11 Digital barometer sensor 5 3.1.12 Power supply 5 3.1.13 Main Processing system 5 3.1.13.1 Auto Pilots Processing 5 3.1.13.2 Video Processing system 5 3.1.13.3 Pattern recognition processing 6 3.1.13.4 Sensor Processing 6 3.1.14 Quad rotor systemRead MoreAccident Spot Identification Using Gsm Gps: Is It Really Accurate?8682 Words   |  35 Pagesbe no hope to survive. To overcome these, GSM and GPS technologies are used. The GPS based vehicle accident identification module contains a vibrating sensor and a GPS modem connected to the microcontroller. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor gives the signal to the microcontroller, which sends the information to the LCD display through GSM network. The vehicle is tracked for every five minutes using GPS and the position of the vehicle is also send to the mobile in terms of latitude andRead MoreStable and Self Adaptive Routing for Mobile and Ad Hoc Networks Using Cross Layer Design1933 Words   |  8 PagesSystem Design The cross layer based reliable routing algorithm, is designed using the metric from the physical layer, data link layer and transferring it to the network layer to make the routing decisions. This algorithm involves the mobile node cooperatively to establish the route and introduces the radio link stability with extensive cross layer cooperation to establish reliable and stable routes. We have developed this algorithm by modifying the underlying principle of dynamic source routingRead MoreA Review On Prediction Of Chatter Stability1852 Words   |  8 Pagesspindle speed is an effective technology for processing various materials. During milling, unstable self-excited vibrations known as regenerative chatter can occur, causing excessive tool wear or failure and a poor surface finish on the machined work piece. There are several analyzing techniques that are used to increase the stability of the machining process such as, fuzzy arithmetic techniques, stability lobe diagram(SLD),Struct ural dynamic modification. Based on these analyzing techniques how the operatingRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesprinciples and the basis for applying them in a variety of situations. Although statistical techniques are emphasized throughout, the book has a strong engineering and management orientation. Extensive knowledge of statistics is not a prerequisite for using this book. Readers whose background includes a basic course in statistical methods will find much of the material in this book easily accessible. Audience The book is an outgrowth of more than 35 years of teaching, research, and consulting in the

Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers Free Essays

Introduction 1. Proposed Working Title Impact of the Recession on the Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers in the UK food industry 2. Research Background According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, an economy is said to be in a recession when there is a decline in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two successive quarters. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The recent economic downturn which commenced in 2007 has hit UK in a huge way. The recent recession is described as the worst recession to have hit the country since the Second World War, with GDP declining up to 3.8% in 2009 and unemployment having risen to its highest point in sixteen years. The credit crunch has undoubtedly has had a significant impact on consumer trends and behaviour. With many households facing unemployment, there has been a major cut back in consumer spending. The areas where consumers were found to cut back on spending are personal durables (e.g. clothing), indulgences (e.g. premium coffee), household durables (.g. electronics) and services (e.g. salon treatment). Alongside alterations have also been found in consumer preferences and purchase behaviour. Numerous studies have found that consumer behaviour during the recession is characterised by an increased sensitivity to price, marking a shift to lower cost products. Studies have also found that there is an increased focus on quality during the recession period, implying that consumers are increasingly looking for products that are of good quality, yet affordable. With retailers facing increasing cost of production during the economic downturn, to make a profit it is necessary for retailer to push the increase in prices to customers. This may prove to be an even greater challenge for ethical goods producers. In line, Carrigan et al state that â€Å"it is all very well asking people to spend a little more to save the planet while everyone is rolling in and times are good, but once things turn sour and people start tightening their belts then things may be a little different†. The credit crunch is bound to pose the biggest challenges ever for ethical consumerism. In this conte xt, it is highly relevant to study the impact of the recession on ethical consumer behaviour. This research will focus on evaluating the impact of recession on ethical consumer behaviour in the food sector. Specifically, the study will focus on ethical retailers in the food industry in the UK. Gaining a good understanding of how consumers are responding to the prolonged economic downturn in regard to ethical purchase behaviour is crucial in leading both ethical and non ethical companies in making changes to their fundamental business model in order to ensure success. Although there are signs that the economy is improving, which might question the relevance of this research, it is important to note that changes in consumer behaviour caused by a recession are likely to remain for a long period. So whilst economists may signal that the recession has ended and recovery has begun, consumers are unlikely to reflect this in their buying behaviour immediately. 3. Research Aims The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of the recent recession on the buying behaviour of ethical consumers. 4. Research Questions / Objectives The most important question that this research proposes is: How does the economic downturn impact ethical consumer behaviourThis question in turn provokes us to find answers to other significant questions such as: What challenges does the recent recession present to consumers wishing to consume sustainably and ethicallyDoes price factor outweigh ethical values during the recessionWhat challenges does the recent recession present to marketers in the food industry to produce sustainable and ethical goods? The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the economic downturn on the purchasing behaviour of ethical consumers. Other key objectives include – 1. To evaluate the impact of the economic downturn on marketers of ethical goods 2. To explore ways in which ethical retailers can engage consumers with social responsibility attitudes and retain their loyalty during and after the recession 5. Literature Review The Ethical Consumer Researcher Association (ECRA) describe ethical consumerism in its truest sense as purchasing goods or services which do not harmful to the environment and society, and are made without harming the environment or exploiting workers. Consumers can express their ethical values and feelings of responsibility towards society by either buying products for their positive ethical qualities (e.g. free trade, organic etc) or by boycotting products for their perceived unethical characteristics (e.g. products produced using child labour). Ethical consumerism has been a growing trend globally and particularly in the UK. Cooperative Bank’ 2009 Ethical Consumerism Report revealed that the total sales of ethical products in the UK has grown almost threefold in the past ten years. The ethical market in the UK was worth 13.5 billion pounds in 1999 and in 2008 was estimated to be worth 36 billion pounds. The growth in ethical consumerism during the last decade has been in the 2005 – 2007 periods and primarily in the food and finance sectors. The report further highlights that there is a significant rise in Britons holding socially responsible attitudes and this growth has not been affected by the recession. However, Carrigan et al caution that this picture is not very encouraging as firstly reality is far from how it is pictured, describing it as the 30:3 syndrome. According to Carrigan et al, while a third of consumers admit to care about companies’ social responsibility and sustainability initiatives, it is important to note that ethical goods rarely achieve more than 3 per cent of the market share. Carrigan et al note that even though the idea of ethical consumerism is better understood by customers today and they hold more socially responsible attitudes, it does not necessarily mean that these attitudes are translated into ethical purchases. The findings of some researches suggest that except among a minority of consumers, ethical values and principles hold third stand in purchase decisions, with factors such as price and quality holding the greatest priority. The cause for this substantial gap in between consumer attitude towards ethical purchases and actual purchase of ethical products is that consumers consider several product attributes jointly when making a purchase decision, such as, price, quality, attitude and brand knowledge. When evaluating an ethical product, consumers are influenced by several relevant product and marketing attributes. These can be divided into thre e categories. Firstly, consumers are faced to choose between different types of ethical claims. Second, their purchase decision will depend upon the credibility of the brand and third marketing efforts and advertisements will influence consumer purchase decision. Thus clearly ethical consumer behaviour like all other attributes of consumer behaviour is exposed to the risks of recession and can be highly unpredictable. Although the Ethical Consumerism Report highlights a consistent growth in the ethical market in the last ten years, it is forecasted that the value of the ethical sector would slow down until 2012 owing to the sluggish economy with price being the most important factor influencing consumer purchase decisions. The ethical market is expected to pick up again in 2012 as the economy becomes more favourable. With some surveys revealing that in the context of the recession, consumer ethical behaviours are being limited by cost as people are less likely to pay a premium price for goods produced ethically, some other survey findings reveal that consumers are willing to pay more for ethically produced goods and services during the recession period. A major limitation of these studies is that they have not focused on any one particular se ctor. 6. Methodology The proposed research is guided by the philosophy of positivism. According to logical positivism the world simply consists of observable empirical regularities and science should restrict itself to describing these in the form of objectives, falsifiable propositions. The nature of the proposed research is exploratory in order to develop deep insights and ideas about the underlying nature of the research topic and in turn generate a hypothesis. The exploratory research will begin with a study of the reported findings of other researchers. This process is called literature review. For conducting the literature review, Hart’ six step process will be employed. The six steps for conducting the literature review are – Begin general reading to define the topic Establish the scope of the research topic and locate major themes Establish objectives for the literature search Plan the structure of the literature search, including codes and cross referencing Plan sources to be read Begin reading of selected sources In addition to helping gain deep insights into the research topic, the literature review is also used for evaluating the research methods selected for the recent research. The main sources of the literature review will be core marketing textbooks and professional journals from online databases such as Emerald and JSTOR. Stemming from the deductive nature of positivist researches, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection will be used. Specifically, semi structured face to face interviews will be used for gathering data from key respondents of the selected ethical retail firms in the food industry; and survey questionnaire will be used for gathering data from consumers. Interviewing is selected for gathering data from the ethical retail firms as it stands out as the best method for gathering rich and holistic information quickly from a relatively small sample[12]. A list of topics to be covered will be prepared to help ensure that important points are not overlooked and that the interview follows a logical progression. Survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions from people who are thought to have the desired information. Survey method is chosen for gathering data from customers because compared to other primary data collection techniques, questionnaires he lp gather data from a large sample with lesser cost and time. In addition, questionnaires also provide participants the chance to submit thoughtful responses, since they have time to look up information and reflect before responding, plus there is a high contact rate. Questions will be crafted carefully so that it will stimulate unambiguous answers from the respondents. The questionnaires will be administered directly to consumers. 7. Project Schedule Research Gantt Chart (Week commencing 11 July 2010) BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhattacharyya, D.K., 2003. Research Methodology. New Delhi: Excel Books. Carrigan, M. and Pelsmacker, P., 2009. Will ethical consumers sustain their values in the global credit crunchInternational Marketing Review, Vol 26, Issue 6, pp. 674 – 687 Carrigan, M., Marinova, S., Szmigin, I., 2005. Ethics and international marketing. International Marketing Review, Vol 22, No 5. Harrison, R., Newholm, T. and Shaw, D., 2005. The ethical consumer. Sage Publications. Interbrand, 2009. Consumer spending in a recession. Available online: www.interbrand.com [accessed on 21 May 2010 Keinert, C., 2008. Corporate social responsibility as an international strategy. Springer. Gill, J. and Johnson, P., 2002. Research Methods for Managers. 3rd ed. London: SAGE publications. Patton, M.Q., 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. USA: SAGE publications Varey, R.J., 2002. Marketing communication: principles and practice. Routledge. UK Cooperative Bank, 2009. Ethical Consumer Report 2009. Available online: www.ethicalconsumer.org [accessed on 21 May 2010 How to cite Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers, Essay examples

Separation of Plant Pigment by Paper Chromatography- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSeparation of Plant Pigment by Paper Chromatography. Answer: Plants have molecules that have the ability to absorb certain wavelength of light and reflect others. These colored molecules found in plants are called pigments, the color being imparted by virtue of selective absorption of light waves. Molecules contain electrons that can absorb a particular amount of energy and move to the next higher energy level from their resting state. Light waves having that optimum level of energy within them get absorbed by a molecule and all other light waves are reflected back (Bassham 2015). Same phenomenon occurs in case of plants pigments. The gained energy is released or transferred in various forms to return back to its resting state. In plants that energy is utilized during photosynthesis to convert the solar energy into chemical energy of glucose or other carbohydrates. Some of the different kinds of pigments found in pants are Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Xanthophyll. Apart from photosynthesis, the vibrant colors of pigments of attract insects whic h eventually help in pollination. Chlorophyll is the main pigment found in all plants. It can be of different types- chlorophyll a, b, c and d. Chlorophyll a absorbs light of wavelengths 430 nm (blue) and 662nm (red), strongly reflecting green light. Carotenoids are accessory pigments absorbing light of wavelength between 460nm to 550nm. Other pigments do not absorb light as efficiently as the two already mentioned (Tanaka, Sasaki and Ohmiya 2008). Chromatography is one of the most widely used methods in separation science. It can separate molecules based on their solubility in a particular solvent and identify them using predefined standards. It has been classified into several types based on the phases used and the separation mechanisms. The most common types of techniques are Paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, This Layer Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Affinity Chromatography and so on. Paper Chromatography have been widely used to separate plant pigment. The basic principle is the pigment extracts are being places on the paper, the stationary phase and placed in developing chamber with an appropriate solvent. The solvent binds with the pigments and travels different lengths based on their solubility in the solvent. Most soluble pigments travel the farthest. Each pigment has a standard distance that it travels (Block, Le Strange and Zweig 2013). The ratio of the distance travelled by a pigment to that of the solvent font is known as the Rf value. The equipment required to perform a pigment separation experiment are as flows: Plant leaves, Ruler Large, test tube Cork with push pin, Chromatography paper (precut 18 cm strips), Pencil, Chromatography solvent (9:1 petroleum ether acetone), 6 ml syringe, Colored pencils, Calculator, Scissors, Plastic wrap (Ikan 2013). After extracting the pigments they are placed on the paper separately along a line drawn on it. The solvent is taken in a test tube and the paper is placed inside it carefully and left undisturbed. The pigments will rise to different heights and separate into distinct bands. The distance travelled by the solvent and the pigments are then measured and the Rf values are calculated using a calculator. The values are compared to standard values to identify the different pigment present in the mixture. References Tanaka, Y., Sasaki, N. and Ohmiya, A., 2008. Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids.The Plant Journal,54(4), pp.733-749. Bassham, D.C., 2015. Plant biology: Pigments on the move.Nature,526(7575), pp.644-645. Block, R.J., Le Strange, R. and Zweig, G., 2013.Paper Chromatography: A Laboratory Manual. Elsevier. Ikan, R., 2013.Natural products: a laboratory guide. Elsevier.